See sleep rough in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_text": "From sleep (verb) + rough (“in a rough manner, roughly”, adverb) (a reference to the uncomfortable situation of sleeping outdoors).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sleeps rough",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sleeping rough",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "slept rough",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "slept rough",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {
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},
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"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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"kind": "other",
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"Entry maintenance"
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yoruba translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sleep",
"orig": "en:Sleep",
"parents": [
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rough sleeper"
},
{
"word": "rough sleeping"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1826, [Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 93:",
"text": "I will warrant they prove such roaring boys as I knew when I served under Lumford and Goring, [...] —sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Ah! those merry days are gone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1902, H[ilaire] Belloc, “Praise of This Book”, in The Path to Rome, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co.; London: George Allen, page viii, →OCLC:",
"text": "[...] I was quite taken out of myself and vowed a vow there to go to Rome on Pilgrimage and see all Europe which the Christian Faith has saved; and I said, \"I will start from the place where I served in arms for my sins; I will walk all the way and take advantage of no wheeled thing; I will sleep rough and cover thirty miles a day, and I will hear Mass every morning; and I will be present at High Mass in St. Peter's on the Feast of St Peter and St Paul.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1926, Rose Macaulay, A Casual Commentary, New York, N.Y.: Boni & Liveright, →OCLC, page 101:",
"text": "To be found sleeping in a public place is like being found without visible means of support—an indictable offence. Further, it is an indication of sin. \"He sleeps rough\"—therefore he is, doubtless, a thief, a drunkard, and a liar. There seems no reason why similar evidence should not be brought in a contrary sense to prove a man's worth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1975, John Stewart, “Social Services”, in Of No Fixed Abode: Vagrancy and the Welfare State, Manchester: Manchester University Press, →ISBN, page 87:",
"text": "There is no evidence that anyone sleeps rough or drinks methanol in Oldham. [...] A voluntary organisation, the Bayswater Housing Association, has recently opened a couple of terraced houses for \"the homeless\".",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1982, Ken Follett, chapter 12, in The Man from St. Petersburg, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, published 2017, →ISBN, page 237:",
"text": "He was nervy and restless, sick of waiting and sick of hiding. He had slept rough again the last two nights, once in Hyde Park and once under the arches at Charing Cross.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1998 February 3, Jonathan Sayeed, “Rough Sleepers”, in House of Commons Hansard (House of Commons of the United Kingdom), volume 305, London: Parliament of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 2020-10-04:",
"text": "I am glad to hear what the Government are doing to reduce the number of people sleeping rough. It is a disgrace that anyone sleeps rough. An average of 3 per cent. of local housing owned by Labour local authorities is unoccupied, and in Islington it is 6 per cent. Why cannot it be used by people who are sleeping rough?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2005, Lucian, “Demonax”, in [Charles] Desmond [Nuttall] Costa, transl., Selected Dialogues, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 152:",
"text": "I have written about Sostratus elsewhere, describing his bulk and enormous strength; how he lived in the open air on Parnassus, slept rough, ate what the mountain provided, and performed deeds which matched his name—killing robbers, and making roads through unbroken country and bridges over impassable places.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Sanchita Islam, “The Pink House”, in Sarah Broughton, editor, Gungi Blues, Brentwood, Essex: Chipmunkapublishing, page 47:",
"text": "Children ran and played by the roadside while others slept rough on the dirt. Hard skin on feet, blackened toes, tattered shorts, skin and bones.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 October 28, “The Observer view on the budget and the decade of austerity”, in The Observer, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-10-19:",
"text": "But there is perhaps no more visible manifestation of austerity than the disgraceful levels of homelessness we see in Britain today. Tents and mattresses lining the streets of towns and cities across the country, home to people forced to sleep rough, have become an increasingly common sight.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 December 22, Robyn Vinter, “‘That’s how we’ve got to live’: the black market in England’s shoplifting capital”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "They sleep rough nearby under duvets and sleeping bags, lying next to each other to keep warm.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a homeless person, to sleep outdoors, particularly as opposed to sleeping in a shelter or similar."
],
"id": "en-sleep_rough-en-verb-HtMqVviL",
"links": [
[
"homeless",
"homeless"
],
[
"sleep",
"sleep#Verb"
],
[
"outdoors",
"outdoors"
],
[
"shelter",
"shelter"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(idiomatic) Of a homeless person, to sleep outdoors, particularly as opposed to sleeping in a shelter or similar."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "rough it"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lie rough"
},
{
"word": "live rough"
}
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "在街上睡覺"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zài jiēshang shuìjiào",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "在街上睡觉"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "liúlàng",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "流浪"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "nukkua taivasalla"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "coucher sous les ponts"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir sous les ponts"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "durmir ao fresco"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "a szabadban / az utcán alszik"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormire all'addiaccio"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "spać na zewnątrz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir ao relento"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "spatʹ na úlice",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "спать на у́лице"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "to be homeless",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bomževátʹ",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "бомжева́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir al raso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir al sereno"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "sùnta"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌsliːp ˈɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌslip ˈɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-sleep rough.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˌsliːp ˈɹaf/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˌslɪip ˈɹaf]",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
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}
],
"word": "sleep rough"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "rough sleeper"
},
{
"word": "rough sleeping"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From sleep (verb) + rough (“in a rough manner, roughly”, adverb) (a reference to the uncomfortable situation of sleeping outdoors).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sleeps rough",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sleeping rough",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "slept rough",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "slept rough",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {
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},
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"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "rough it"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English idioms",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Yoruba translations",
"en:Sleep"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1826, [Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 93:",
"text": "I will warrant they prove such roaring boys as I knew when I served under Lumford and Goring, [...] —sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Ah! those merry days are gone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1902, H[ilaire] Belloc, “Praise of This Book”, in The Path to Rome, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co.; London: George Allen, page viii, →OCLC:",
"text": "[...] I was quite taken out of myself and vowed a vow there to go to Rome on Pilgrimage and see all Europe which the Christian Faith has saved; and I said, \"I will start from the place where I served in arms for my sins; I will walk all the way and take advantage of no wheeled thing; I will sleep rough and cover thirty miles a day, and I will hear Mass every morning; and I will be present at High Mass in St. Peter's on the Feast of St Peter and St Paul.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1926, Rose Macaulay, A Casual Commentary, New York, N.Y.: Boni & Liveright, →OCLC, page 101:",
"text": "To be found sleeping in a public place is like being found without visible means of support—an indictable offence. Further, it is an indication of sin. \"He sleeps rough\"—therefore he is, doubtless, a thief, a drunkard, and a liar. There seems no reason why similar evidence should not be brought in a contrary sense to prove a man's worth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1975, John Stewart, “Social Services”, in Of No Fixed Abode: Vagrancy and the Welfare State, Manchester: Manchester University Press, →ISBN, page 87:",
"text": "There is no evidence that anyone sleeps rough or drinks methanol in Oldham. [...] A voluntary organisation, the Bayswater Housing Association, has recently opened a couple of terraced houses for \"the homeless\".",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1982, Ken Follett, chapter 12, in The Man from St. Petersburg, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, published 2017, →ISBN, page 237:",
"text": "He was nervy and restless, sick of waiting and sick of hiding. He had slept rough again the last two nights, once in Hyde Park and once under the arches at Charing Cross.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1998 February 3, Jonathan Sayeed, “Rough Sleepers”, in House of Commons Hansard (House of Commons of the United Kingdom), volume 305, London: Parliament of the United Kingdom, archived from the original on 2020-10-04:",
"text": "I am glad to hear what the Government are doing to reduce the number of people sleeping rough. It is a disgrace that anyone sleeps rough. An average of 3 per cent. of local housing owned by Labour local authorities is unoccupied, and in Islington it is 6 per cent. Why cannot it be used by people who are sleeping rough?",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2005, Lucian, “Demonax”, in [Charles] Desmond [Nuttall] Costa, transl., Selected Dialogues, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 152:",
"text": "I have written about Sostratus elsewhere, describing his bulk and enormous strength; how he lived in the open air on Parnassus, slept rough, ate what the mountain provided, and performed deeds which matched his name—killing robbers, and making roads through unbroken country and bridges over impassable places.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Sanchita Islam, “The Pink House”, in Sarah Broughton, editor, Gungi Blues, Brentwood, Essex: Chipmunkapublishing, page 47:",
"text": "Children ran and played by the roadside while others slept rough on the dirt. Hard skin on feet, blackened toes, tattered shorts, skin and bones.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 October 28, “The Observer view on the budget and the decade of austerity”, in The Observer, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-10-19:",
"text": "But there is perhaps no more visible manifestation of austerity than the disgraceful levels of homelessness we see in Britain today. Tents and mattresses lining the streets of towns and cities across the country, home to people forced to sleep rough, have become an increasingly common sight.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2023 December 22, Robyn Vinter, “‘That’s how we’ve got to live’: the black market in England’s shoplifting capital”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "They sleep rough nearby under duvets and sleeping bags, lying next to each other to keep warm.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a homeless person, to sleep outdoors, particularly as opposed to sleeping in a shelter or similar."
],
"links": [
[
"homeless",
"homeless"
],
[
"sleep",
"sleep#Verb"
],
[
"outdoors",
"outdoors"
],
[
"shelter",
"shelter"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(idiomatic) Of a homeless person, to sleep outdoors, particularly as opposed to sleeping in a shelter or similar."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lie rough"
},
{
"word": "live rough"
}
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌsliːp ˈɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌslip ˈɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
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{
"ipa": "/ˌsliːp ˈɹaf/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˌslɪip ˈɹaf]",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
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"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "在街上睡覺"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zài jiēshang shuìjiào",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "在街上睡觉"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "liúlàng",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "流浪"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "nukkua taivasalla"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "coucher sous les ponts"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir sous les ponts"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "durmir ao fresco"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "a szabadban / az utcán alszik"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormire all'addiaccio"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "spać na zewnątrz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir ao relento"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "spatʹ na úlice",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "спать на у́лице"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "to be homeless",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bomževátʹ",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "бомжева́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir al raso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "dormir al sereno"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"sense": "to sleep outdoors",
"word": "sùnta"
}
],
"word": "sleep rough"
}
Download raw JSONL data for sleep rough meaning in English (8.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.