"preverbal" meaning in English

See preverbal in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *per- Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-i Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i? Proto-Italic *prai Proto-Italic *prai- Latin prae-lbor. Middle English pre- English pre- English verbal English preverbal From pre- + verbal. Etymology templates: {{ety|en|:af|pre-|verbal|text=+|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *per- Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-i Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i? Proto-Italic *prai Proto-Italic *prai- Latin prae-lbor. Middle English pre- English pre- English verbal English preverbal [Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*préh₂i", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*preh₂-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-i", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*prai", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*prai-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "prae-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "lbor" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "pre-", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "pre-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "verbal", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "preverbal", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="preverbal"> From pre- + verbal. Head templates: {{en-adj|-}} preverbal (not comparable)
  1. (psychology, linguistics) At an early stage of development in which one is not yet able to communicate by means of words. Tags: not-comparable
    Sense id: en-preverbal-en-adj-qWxSDC4C Categories (other): Linguistics, Psychology, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms prefixed with pre- Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 25 35 39 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with pre-: 33 33 34 Topics: human-sciences, linguistics, psychology, sciences
  2. (linguistics, of a part of speech) Occurring before the verb in a sentence or expression. Tags: not-comparable
    Sense id: en-preverbal-en-adj-eE-LgWXG Categories (other): Linguistics, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms prefixed with pre- Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 25 35 39 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with pre-: 33 33 34 Topics: human-sciences, linguistics, sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: preverbally Translations (stage of development before words): préverbal (French), präverbal (German), προλεκτικός (prolektikós) (Greek), preverbale (Italian)
Disambiguation of 'stage of development before words': 48 52

Noun

Forms: preverbals [plural]
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *per- Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-i Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i? Proto-Italic *prai Proto-Italic *prai- Latin prae-lbor. Middle English pre- English pre- English verbal English preverbal From pre- + verbal. Etymology templates: {{ety|en|:af|pre-|verbal|text=+|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *per- Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-i Proto-Indo-European *préh₂i? Proto-Italic *prai Proto-Italic *prai- Latin prae-lbor. Middle English pre- English pre- English verbal English preverbal [Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*préh₂i", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "before", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*per-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*preh₂-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-i", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*prai", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*prai-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "prae-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword" : "lbor" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "pre-", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "pre-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "verbal", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "en" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "preverbal", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="preverbal"> From pre- + verbal. Head templates: {{en-noun}} preverbal (plural preverbals)
  1. (grammar) A preverb.
    Sense id: en-preverbal-en-noun-OpXhcjJs Categories (other): Grammar, English entries referencing missing etymons, English entries with etymology texts, English entries with etymology trees, English entries with etymon, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms prefixed with pre-, Entries with translation boxes, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Pages with etymon, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Italian translations Disambiguation of English entries referencing missing etymons: 29 29 42 Disambiguation of English entries with etymology texts: 31 28 41 Disambiguation of English entries with etymology trees: 31 28 41 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 28 26 46 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 25 35 39 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with pre-: 33 33 34 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 30 28 42 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 29 27 43 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 29 27 44 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 29 27 44 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 27 25 47 Disambiguation of Pages with etymon: 23 22 55 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 23 24 53 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 27 24 50 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 19 27 54 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 23 21 55 Topics: grammar, human-sciences, linguistics, sciences

Inflected forms

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      "_dis1": "0 0",
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    }
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  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-\nProto-Indo-European *preh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-i\nProto-Indo-European *préh₂i?\nProto-Italic *prai\nProto-Italic *prai-\nLatin prae-lbor.\nMiddle English pre-\nEnglish pre-\nEnglish verbal\nEnglish preverbal\nFrom pre- + verbal.",
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  "lang_code": "en",
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  "senses": [
    {
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          "ref": "1989, Anne Fernald, “Intonation and Communicative Intent in Mothers' Speech to Infants: Is the Melody the Message?”, in Child Development, volume 60, number 6, page 1497:",
          "text": "The expressive power of intonation in communication with preverbal infants was a topic of considerable interest in the early literature on language acquisition.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
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      "id": "en-preverbal-en-adj-qWxSDC4C",
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          "text": "Here, the more general construction is a simple transitive verb construction, such that the preverbal subject is the actor (causer) of the action, and the post-verbal object is the patient of the action.",
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          "sentence"
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        [
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          "expression"
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        "of a part of speech"
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        "not-comparable"
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      "topics": [
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  "translations": [
    {
      "_dis1": "48 52",
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "préverbal"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "48 52",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "präverbal"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "48 52",
      "code": "el",
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      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "prolektikós",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "προλεκτικός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "48 52",
      "code": "it",
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      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "preverbale"
    }
  ],
  "word": "preverbal"
}

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          "source": "w+disamb"
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          "preverb"
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        "(grammar) A preverb."
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        "grammar",
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "preverbal"
}
{
  "categories": [
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    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries referencing missing etymons",
    "English entries with etymology texts",
    "English entries with etymology trees",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *preh₂-",
    "English terms prefixed with pre-",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "preverbally"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "pre-",
        "4": "verbal",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-\nProto-Indo-European *preh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-i\nProto-Indo-European *préh₂i?\nProto-Italic *prai\nProto-Italic *prai-\nLatin prae-lbor.\nMiddle English pre-\nEnglish pre-\nEnglish verbal\nEnglish preverbal\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*préh₂i\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*preh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-i\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*prai\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*prai-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"prae-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"pre-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"pre-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"verbal\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"preverbal\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"preverbal\">\nFrom pre- + verbal.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-\nProto-Indo-European *preh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-i\nProto-Indo-European *préh₂i?\nProto-Italic *prai\nProto-Italic *prai-\nLatin prae-lbor.\nMiddle English pre-\nEnglish pre-\nEnglish verbal\nEnglish preverbal\nFrom pre- + verbal.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "preverbal (not comparable)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Linguistics",
        "en:Psychology"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              57,
              66
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1989, Anne Fernald, “Intonation and Communicative Intent in Mothers' Speech to Infants: Is the Melody the Message?”, in Child Development, volume 60, number 6, page 1497:",
          "text": "The expressive power of intonation in communication with preverbal infants was a topic of considerable interest in the early literature on language acquisition.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "At an early stage of development in which one is not yet able to communicate by means of words."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "psychology",
          "psychology"
        ],
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "early",
          "early"
        ],
        [
          "stage",
          "stage"
        ],
        [
          "development",
          "development"
        ],
        [
          "communicate",
          "communicate"
        ],
        [
          "word",
          "word"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(psychology, linguistics) At an early stage of development in which one is not yet able to communicate by means of words."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "psychology",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "en:Linguistics"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              80,
              89
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1974, J. A. Dunn, “Preverbal Position in Coast Tsimshian”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 40, number 1, page 10:",
          "text": "I will attempt to document some recent syntactic (word order) changes involving preverbal noun phrases in the Coast Tsimshian language.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              92,
              101
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2025, Edward A. F. Gibson, “Dependency Grammar” (chapter 3), in Syntax: A Cognitive Approach, MIT Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 85:",
          "text": "Here, the more general construction is a simple transitive verb construction, such that the preverbal subject is the actor (causer) of the action, and the post-verbal object is the patient of the action.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Occurring before the verb in a sentence or expression."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "verb",
          "verb"
        ],
        [
          "sentence",
          "sentence"
        ],
        [
          "expression",
          "expression"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(linguistics, of a part of speech) Occurring before the verb in a sentence or expression."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of a part of speech"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "préverbal"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "präverbal"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "prolektikós",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "προλεκτικός"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "stage of development before words",
      "word": "preverbale"
    }
  ],
  "word": "preverbal"
}

{
  "categories": [
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    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries referencing missing etymons",
    "English entries with etymology texts",
    "English entries with etymology trees",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *preh₂-",
    "English terms prefixed with pre-",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "pre-",
        "4": "verbal",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-\nProto-Indo-European *preh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-i\nProto-Indo-European *préh₂i?\nProto-Italic *prai\nProto-Italic *prai-\nLatin prae-lbor.\nMiddle English pre-\nEnglish pre-\nEnglish verbal\nEnglish preverbal\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*préh₂i\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*preh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-i\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*prai\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*prai-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"prae-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"pre-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"pre-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"verbal\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"preverbal\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"preverbal\">\nFrom pre- + verbal.",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-\nProto-Indo-European *preh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *-i\nProto-Indo-European *préh₂i?\nProto-Italic *prai\nProto-Italic *prai-\nLatin prae-lbor.\nMiddle English pre-\nEnglish pre-\nEnglish verbal\nEnglish preverbal\nFrom pre- + verbal.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "preverbals",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "preverbal (plural preverbals)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "en:Grammar"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A preverb."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "grammar",
          "grammar"
        ],
        [
          "preverb",
          "preverb"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(grammar) A preverb."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "grammar",
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "preverbal"
}

Download raw JSONL data for preverbal meaning in English (10.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.