See phonological in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "lexicophonological"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "metaphonological"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "morphophonological"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nonphonological"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phonological hierarchy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phonologically"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phonological phrase"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phonological word"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*bʰeh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂-#Proto-Indo-European:_speak"
],
[
"φωνή",
"φωνή#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"phono-",
"phono-#English"
],
[
"*leǵ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leǵ-#Proto-Indo-European:_to_collect"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_thematic"
],
[
"*lógos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/lógos"
],
[
"λόγος",
"λόγος#Ancient_Greek:_explanation"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_o-grade"
],
[
"*-i-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_i-extension"
],
[
"*-íā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-íā"
],
[
"-ῐ́ᾱ",
"-ία#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-λογῐ́ᾱ",
"-λογία#Ancient_Greek:_study"
],
[
"-logia",
"-logia#Latin:_study"
],
[
"-logie",
"-logie#French:_branch_of_study"
],
[
"-logy",
"-logy#English"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology#English"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ikos"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ikos#Proto-Italic:_-ic"
],
[
"-icus",
"-icus#Latin:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-ique",
"-ique#Old_French:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-ic",
"-ik#Middle_English:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"*h₂el-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂el-#Proto-Indo-European:_grow"
],
[
"*-is",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is"
],
[
"*-ālis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ālis"
],
[
"-ālis",
"-alis#Latin:_adjectivizing_suffix"
],
[
"-al",
"-al#Old_French:_forming_adjectives"
],
[
"-ālis",
"-alis#Latin:_adjectivizing_suffix"
],
[
"-el",
"-el#Old_French:_adjective"
],
[
"-ālis",
"-alis#Latin:_adjectivizing_suffix"
],
[
"-al",
"-al#Middle_English:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#Middle_English"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#English"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology#English"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "phonology",
"4": "-ical",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.\nProto-Hellenic *pʰōnā́\nAncient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)der.\nEnglish phono-\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *lóǵos\nProto-Hellenic *lógos\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.\nLatin -logialbor.\nFrench -logiebor.\nEnglish -logy\nEnglish phonology\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icuslbor.\nOld French -iquebor.\nMiddle English -ic\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālislbor.\nOld French -albor.\n▲\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -elbor.\n▲\nLatin -ālisbor.\nMiddle English -al\nMiddle English -ical\nEnglish -ical\nEnglish phonological\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*pʰōnā́\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"speak\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰeh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"φωνή\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"phono-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"branch of study\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"study\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"study\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"explanation\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lóǵos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to collect\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*leǵ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*lógos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"λόγος\", \"gloss\" : \"explanation\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-i-eh₂\", \"id\" : \"i-extension\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íā\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ᾱ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"abstract noun suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-λογῐ́ᾱ\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-logia\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-logie\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-logy\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"phonology\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"-ic\", \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ic\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-icus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ique\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ik\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₂élis\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂el-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ālis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-al\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ālis\", \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"title\" : \"-ālis\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-el\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ālis\", \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"title\" : \"-ālis\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-al\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ical\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ical\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"phonological\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"phonological\">\nFrom phonology + -ical.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "phonology",
"4": "-ical",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.\nProto-Hellenic *pʰōnā́\nAncient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)der.\nEnglish phono-\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *lóǵos\nProto-Hellenic *lógos\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.\nLatin -logialbor.\nFrench -logiebor.\nEnglish -logy\nEnglish phonology\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icuslbor.\nOld French -iquebor.\nMiddle English -ic\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālislbor.\nOld French -albor.\n▲\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -elbor.\n▲\nLatin -ālisbor.\nMiddle English -al\nMiddle English -ical\nEnglish -ical\nEnglish phonological\nFrom phonology + -ical.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.\nProto-Hellenic *pʰōnā́\nAncient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)der.\nEnglish phono-\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *lóǵos\nProto-Hellenic *lógos\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.\nLatin -logialbor.\nFrench -logiebor.\nEnglish -logy\nEnglish phonology\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icuslbor.\nOld French -iquebor.\nMiddle English -ic\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālislbor.\nOld French -albor.\n▲\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -elbor.\n▲\nLatin -ālisbor.\nMiddle English -al\nMiddle English -ical\nEnglish -ical\nEnglish phonological\nFrom phonology + -ical.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "phonological (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "90 10",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Phonology",
"orig": "en:Phonology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
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"ref": "1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, page 5:",
"text": "[...] Phonological competence is also reflected in intuitions about phonological structure: any English speaker intuitively feels, for example, that the sequence 'black bird' can either be a single phonological word (BLACKbird, with primary stress on black = a species of bird, like thrush, robin, etc.), or two independent phonological words (BLACK BIRD or black BIRD = bird which is black, as opposed to 'white bird', 'yellow bird', etc.).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
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"ref": "2006, “Ithkuil Q & A”, in The Conlanger's Library, archived from the original on 14 Jan 2025, page 6:",
"text": "I am not pleased with one or two of the noun cases (they are too similar to others) and I want to change the way that the Focus category (see Section 3.5 of the grammar) is manifested (using word-order instead of an infix or other phonological marker). All in all, the language is structured almost exactly as I wanted.",
"type": "quotation"
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{
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"ref": "2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:",
"text": "Each language has its own distinct phonological qualities which a counter can tap into with effect. It is not necessarily specific phonemes (though these can sometimes be diagnostic), but rather the frequency and phonotactic distribution of each disparate set of phonemes that go together in the speech stream in certain recognisable ways.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of or relating to phonology."
],
"id": "en-phonological-en-adj-X7AcdpiA",
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologies"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "hnčʻuytʻabanakan",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "հնչույթաբանական"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonolóxicu"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonoloji"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonològic"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologický"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "äänneopillinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "phonologique"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonolóxico"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ponologiuri",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "ფონოლოგიური"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "phonologisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "fonologikós",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "φωνολογικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "phonologic"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fóineolaíoch"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologico"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonoloģisks"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologiczny"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonológico"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologic"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "fonologíčeskij",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "фонологи́ческий"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "фоно̀лошкӣ"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "fonòloškī"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonológico"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonematisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "tinigin"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "dalubtinigin"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 2",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "fonologish",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "פֿאָנאָלאָגיש"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ical",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 77",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Asturian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Pertaining to the way sounds function in languages, including phonemes, syllable structure, stress, and accent."
],
"id": "en-phonological-en-adj-QixXZ0DE",
"links": [
[
"phonemes",
"phoneme"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɒnəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfəʊ̯nəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-phonological.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɑnəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Atlantic-Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfoʊ̯nəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Atlantic-Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɒnəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"note": "of the US",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfoʊ̯nəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"note": "of the US",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɔnəˈlɔd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfəʉ̯nəˈlɔd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒdʒɪkəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "phonologic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "orthoepic"
}
],
"word": "phonological"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with etymology texts",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂- (speak)",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (grow)",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *leǵ-",
"English terms suffixed with -ical",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:English/ɒdʒɪkəl",
"Rhymes:English/ɒdʒɪkəl/5 syllables",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Asturian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"en:Phonology"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "lexicophonological"
},
{
"word": "metaphonological"
},
{
"word": "morphophonological"
},
{
"word": "nonphonological"
},
{
"word": "phonological hierarchy"
},
{
"word": "phonologically"
},
{
"word": "phonological phrase"
},
{
"word": "phonological word"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*bʰeh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰeh₂-#Proto-Indo-European:_speak"
],
[
"φωνή",
"φωνή#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"phono-",
"phono-#English"
],
[
"*leǵ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leǵ-#Proto-Indo-European:_to_collect"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_thematic"
],
[
"*lógos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/lógos"
],
[
"λόγος",
"λόγος#Ancient_Greek:_explanation"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_o-grade"
],
[
"*-i-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_i-extension"
],
[
"*-íā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-íā"
],
[
"-ῐ́ᾱ",
"-ία#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-λογῐ́ᾱ",
"-λογία#Ancient_Greek:_study"
],
[
"-logia",
"-logia#Latin:_study"
],
[
"-logie",
"-logie#French:_branch_of_study"
],
[
"-logy",
"-logy#English"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology#English"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ikos"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ikos#Proto-Italic:_-ic"
],
[
"-icus",
"-icus#Latin:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-ique",
"-ique#Old_French:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-ic",
"-ik#Middle_English:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"*h₂el-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂el-#Proto-Indo-European:_grow"
],
[
"*-is",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is"
],
[
"*-ālis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ālis"
],
[
"-ālis",
"-alis#Latin:_adjectivizing_suffix"
],
[
"-al",
"-al#Old_French:_forming_adjectives"
],
[
"-ālis",
"-alis#Latin:_adjectivizing_suffix"
],
[
"-el",
"-el#Old_French:_adjective"
],
[
"-ālis",
"-alis#Latin:_adjectivizing_suffix"
],
[
"-al",
"-al#Middle_English:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#Middle_English"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#English"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology#English"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "phonology",
"4": "-ical",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.\nProto-Hellenic *pʰōnā́\nAncient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)der.\nEnglish phono-\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *lóǵos\nProto-Hellenic *lógos\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.\nLatin -logialbor.\nFrench -logiebor.\nEnglish -logy\nEnglish phonology\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icuslbor.\nOld French -iquebor.\nMiddle English -ic\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālislbor.\nOld French -albor.\n▲\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -elbor.\n▲\nLatin -ālisbor.\nMiddle English -al\nMiddle English -ical\nEnglish -ical\nEnglish phonological\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*pʰōnā́\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"speak\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰeh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"φωνή\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"phono-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"branch of study\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"study\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"study\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"explanation\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lóǵos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to collect\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*leǵ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*lógos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"λόγος\", \"gloss\" : \"explanation\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-i-eh₂\", \"id\" : \"i-extension\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íā\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ᾱ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"abstract noun suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-λογῐ́ᾱ\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-logia\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"-logie\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-logy\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"phonology\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"-ic\", \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ic\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-icus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ique\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ik\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"lbor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Learned borrowing from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₂élis\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂el-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ālis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-al\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ālis\", \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"title\" : \"-ālis\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-el\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-ālis\", \"id\" : \"adjectivizing suffix\", \"title\" : \"-ālis\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-al\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ical\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ical\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"phonological\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"phonological\">\nFrom phonology + -ical.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "phonology",
"4": "-ical",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.\nProto-Hellenic *pʰōnā́\nAncient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)der.\nEnglish phono-\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *lóǵos\nProto-Hellenic *lógos\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.\nLatin -logialbor.\nFrench -logiebor.\nEnglish -logy\nEnglish phonology\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icuslbor.\nOld French -iquebor.\nMiddle English -ic\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālislbor.\nOld French -albor.\n▲\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -elbor.\n▲\nLatin -ālisbor.\nMiddle English -al\nMiddle English -ical\nEnglish -ical\nEnglish phonological\nFrom phonology + -ical.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-der.\nProto-Hellenic *pʰōnā́\nAncient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)der.\nEnglish phono-\nProto-Indo-European *leǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *lóǵos\nProto-Hellenic *lógos\nAncient Greek λόγος (lógos)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logĭ́ā)bor.\nLatin -logialbor.\nFrench -logiebor.\nEnglish -logy\nEnglish phonology\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icuslbor.\nOld French -iquebor.\nMiddle English -ic\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālislbor.\nOld French -albor.\n▲\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -elbor.\n▲\nLatin -ālisbor.\nMiddle English -al\nMiddle English -ical\nEnglish -ical\nEnglish phonological\nFrom phonology + -ical.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "phonological (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
18
],
[
68,
80
],
[
198,
210
],
[
217,
222
],
[
324,
336
],
[
344,
349
],
[
344,
354
],
[
350,
354
],
[
364,
368
]
],
"ref": "1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, page 5:",
"text": "[...] Phonological competence is also reflected in intuitions about phonological structure: any English speaker intuitively feels, for example, that the sequence 'black bird' can either be a single phonological word (BLACKbird, with primary stress on black = a species of bird, like thrush, robin, etc.), or two independent phonological words (BLACK BIRD or black BIRD = bird which is black, as opposed to 'white bird', 'yellow bird', etc.).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
231,
243
]
],
"ref": "2006, “Ithkuil Q & A”, in The Conlanger's Library, archived from the original on 14 Jan 2025, page 6:",
"text": "I am not pleased with one or two of the noun cases (they are too similar to others) and I want to change the way that the Focus category (see Section 3.5 of the grammar) is manifested (using word-order instead of an infix or other phonological marker). All in all, the language is structured almost exactly as I wanted.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
35,
47
]
],
"ref": "2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:",
"text": "Each language has its own distinct phonological qualities which a counter can tap into with effect. It is not necessarily specific phonemes (though these can sometimes be diagnostic), but rather the frequency and phonotactic distribution of each disparate set of phonemes that go together in the speech stream in certain recognisable ways.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of or relating to phonology."
],
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Pertaining to the way sounds function in languages, including phonemes, syllable structure, stress, and accent."
],
"links": [
[
"phonemes",
"phoneme"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɒnəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfəʊ̯nəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-phonological.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-phonological.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɑnəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Atlantic-Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfoʊ̯nəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Atlantic-Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɒnəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"note": "of the US",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfoʊ̯nəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"note": "of the US",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfɔnəˈlɔd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˌfəʉ̯nəˈlɔd͡ʒɪkəl/",
"tags": [
"Australia"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɒdʒɪkəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "phonologic"
},
{
"word": "orthoepic"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologies"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "hnčʻuytʻabanakan",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "հնչույթաբանական"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonolóxicu"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonoloji"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonològic"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologický"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologisk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologisch"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "äänneopillinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "phonologique"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonolóxico"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ponologiuri",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "ფონოლოგიური"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "phonologisch"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "fonologikós",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "φωνολογικός"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "phonologic"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fóineolaíoch"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologico"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonoloģisks"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologiczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonológico"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologic"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "fonologíčeskij",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "фонологи́ческий"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "фоно̀лошкӣ"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "fonòloškī"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonológico"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonologisk"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "fonematisk"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "tinigin"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "dalubtinigin"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "fonologish",
"sense": "of or relating to phonology",
"word": "פֿאָנאָלאָגיש"
}
],
"word": "phonological"
}
Download raw JSONL data for phonological meaning in English (22.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.