See peer review in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for peer review meaning in English (8.2kB)
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "peer reviews",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "peer review (countable and uncountable, plural peer reviews)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Education",
"orig": "en:Education",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, National Institute for Literacy, What is Scientifically Based Research?, page 2",
"text": "Peer review [...] happens in two ways. In one method, a paper submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal is examined by other scientists in the field before an editor (usually an expert in the field) passes judgment on it. The second method is review by an independent panel of experts who, using rigorous criteria, determine whether the findings of the paper are credible.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2019 April 25, Samanth Subramanian, “Hand dryers v paper towels: the surprisingly dirty fight for the right to dry your hands”, in The Guardian",
"text": "It isn’t easy to know what to make of these studies. Many undergo peer review, but an experiment can be structured in a way that favours a particular outcome and still be valid science.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents."
],
"id": "en-peer_review-en-noun-uJK99lwi",
"links": [
[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"scholarly",
"scholarly"
],
[
"manuscript",
"manuscript"
],
[
"academic",
"academic"
],
[
"journal",
"journal"
],
[
"referee",
"referee"
],
[
"contribution",
"contribution"
],
[
"novelty",
"novelty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(education) The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "much less frequent",
"word": "peer-review"
},
{
"word": "refereeing"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"education"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "avaluació d'experts"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisió d'experts"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同儕審查"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngchái shěnchá",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同侪审查"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行評審"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行评审"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngháng píngshěn",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行评议"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行評議"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngháng píngyì",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行评议"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行審查"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngháng shěnchá",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行审查"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fagfællebedømmelse"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "vertaisarviointi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "évaluation par les pairs"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "Peer-Review"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Kreuzgutachten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "szakértői értékelés/bírálat"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "szakmai lektorálás"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "athbhreithniú piaraí"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "an próiseas athbhreithnithe piaraí"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "piarmheasúnú"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisione paritaria"
},
{
"alt": "さどく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sadoku",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "査読"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "arotake aropā"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "fagfellevurdering"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "recenzowanie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisão por pares"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "recenzírovanije",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "рецензи́рование"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "стручна рецензија"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "stručna recenzija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisión por pares"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "referentgranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "expertgranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kollegial granskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kollegial utvärdering"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fackgranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "refereegranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sakkunnigbedömning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sakkunniggranskning"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "adolygiad gan gymheiriaid"
}
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"peer review"
],
"word": "peer review"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "peer reviews",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "peer reviewing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "peer reviewed",
"tags": [
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"past"
]
},
{
"form": "peer reviewed",
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}
],
"head_templates": [
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"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "peer-reviewable"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Three drafts of his report were peer-reviewed before it was accepted for publication.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To review before publication, as by an authority or authorities in the pertinent field of study, of the written form of an idea, hypothesis, theory, and/or written discussion of such."
],
"id": "en-peer_review-en-verb-itc3Io8L",
"related": [
{
"word": "copy edit"
},
{
"word": "edit"
},
{
"word": "peer-reviewed"
},
{
"word": "proofread"
}
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"peer review"
],
"word": "peer review"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs"
],
"forms": [
{
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"lang": "English",
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"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
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"en:Education"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, National Institute for Literacy, What is Scientifically Based Research?, page 2",
"text": "Peer review [...] happens in two ways. In one method, a paper submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal is examined by other scientists in the field before an editor (usually an expert in the field) passes judgment on it. The second method is review by an independent panel of experts who, using rigorous criteria, determine whether the findings of the paper are credible.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2019 April 25, Samanth Subramanian, “Hand dryers v paper towels: the surprisingly dirty fight for the right to dry your hands”, in The Guardian",
"text": "It isn’t easy to know what to make of these studies. Many undergo peer review, but an experiment can be structured in a way that favours a particular outcome and still be valid science.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents."
],
"links": [
[
"education",
"education"
],
[
"scholarly",
"scholarly"
],
[
"manuscript",
"manuscript"
],
[
"academic",
"academic"
],
[
"journal",
"journal"
],
[
"referee",
"referee"
],
[
"contribution",
"contribution"
],
[
"novelty",
"novelty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(education) The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic journal are reviewed by independent researchers (referees) to evaluate the contribution, i.e. the importance, novelty and accuracy of the manuscript's contents."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"education"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "much less frequent",
"word": "peer-review"
},
{
"word": "refereeing"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "avaluació d'experts"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisió d'experts"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同儕審查"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngchái shěnchá",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同侪审查"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行評審"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行评审"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngháng píngshěn",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行评议"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行評議"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngháng píngyì",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行评议"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行審查"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "tóngháng shěnchá",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "同行审查"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fagfællebedømmelse"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "vertaisarviointi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "évaluation par les pairs"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "Peer-Review"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Kreuzgutachten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "szakértői értékelés/bírálat"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "szakmai lektorálás"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "athbhreithniú piaraí"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "an próiseas athbhreithnithe piaraí"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "piarmheasúnú"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisione paritaria"
},
{
"alt": "さどく",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sadoku",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "査読"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"word": "arotake aropā"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "fagfellevurdering"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "recenzowanie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisão por pares"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "recenzírovanije",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "рецензи́рование"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "стручна рецензија"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "stručna recenzija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "revisión por pares"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "referentgranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "expertgranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kollegial granskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "kollegial utvärdering"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fackgranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "refereegranskning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sakkunnigbedömning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "sakkunniggranskning"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "scholarly process",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "adolygiad gan gymheiriaid"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"peer review"
],
"word": "peer review"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "peer-reviewable"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "peer reviews",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "peer reviewing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "peer reviewed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "peer reviewed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "peer review (third-person singular simple present peer reviews, present participle peer reviewing, simple past and past participle peer reviewed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "copy edit"
},
{
"word": "edit"
},
{
"word": "peer-reviewed"
},
{
"word": "proofread"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Three drafts of his report were peer-reviewed before it was accepted for publication.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To review before publication, as by an authority or authorities in the pertinent field of study, of the written form of an idea, hypothesis, theory, and/or written discussion of such."
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"peer review"
],
"word": "peer review"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.