See intellectual property in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "intellectual properties",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-",
"2": "+"
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"expansion": "intellectual property (usually uncountable, plural intellectual properties)",
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}
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"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
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"categories": [
{
"_dis": "62 38",
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{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Copyright",
"orig": "en:Copyright",
"parents": [
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"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:",
"text": "According to this saga of intellectual-property misanthropy, these creatures [patent trolls] roam the business world, buying up patents and then using them to demand extravagant payouts from companies they accuse of infringing them. Often, their victims pay up rather than face the costs of a legal battle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013 June 22, “T time”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 68:",
"text": "The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them, which is then licensed to related businesses in high-tax countries, is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies. […] current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate […] “stateless income”: profit subject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any product of someone's intellect that has commercial value: a piece of literature, a painting, an invention, a trademark, a trade secret, etc. Works protected under intellectual property law, and accorded intellectual property rights such as copyrights and patents."
],
"id": "en-intellectual_property-en-noun-E-9bZ5rH",
"links": [
[
"product",
"product"
],
[
"intellect",
"intellect"
],
[
"commercial",
"commercial"
],
[
"value",
"value"
],
[
"literature",
"literature"
],
[
"painting",
"painting"
],
[
"invention",
"invention"
],
[
"trademark",
"trademark"
],
[
"trade secret",
"trade secret"
],
[
"copyright",
"copyright"
],
[
"patent",
"patent"
]
],
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"(uncountable) Any product of someone's intellect that has commercial value: a piece of literature, a painting, an invention, a trademark, a trade secret, etc. Works protected under intellectual property law, and accorded intellectual property rights such as copyrights and patents."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"alt": "milkiyya(t) fikriyya",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "مِلْكِيَّة فِكْرِيَّة"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "mtavor sepʻakanutʻyun",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "մտավոր սեփականություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "əqli mülkiyyət"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知識產權"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zi¹ sik¹ caan² kyun⁴",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知识产权"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知識產權"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhīshi chǎnquán",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"Hong-Kong",
"Mainland-China"
],
"word": "知识产权"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "智慧財產"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhìhuì cáichǎn",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "智慧财产"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "duševní vlastnictví"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "immaterialret"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "intellektuel ejendomsret"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "intellectueel eigendom"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "immateriaalioikeudet"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propriété intellectuelle"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propiedade intelectual"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "inṭelekṭualuri saḳutreba",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "ინტელექტუალური საკუთრება"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "geistiges Eigentum"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "dianoïtikí idioktisía",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "διανοητική ιδιοκτησία"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kinyán rukhaní",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קניין רוחני"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "kekayaan intelektual"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chiteki zaisan",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知的財産"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "ziätkerlık menşık",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "зияткерлік меншік"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jijeokjaesan",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "지적재산"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "harta intelektual"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "ojuuny ömč",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "оюуны өмч"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "medlegiin ömč",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"China",
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "мэдлэгийн өмч"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "medlegiin büteegdexüün",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"China",
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "мэдлэгийн бүтээгдэхүүн"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "własność intelektualna"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propriedade intelectual"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "proprietate intelectuală"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "intellektuálʹnaja sóbstvennostʹ",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "интеллектуа́льная со́бственность"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propiedad intelectual"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "immaterialrätt"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "bsam blo'i rgyu nor",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "བསམ་བློའི་རྒྱུ་ནོར"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "bo",
"english": "rig nor",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "རིག་ནོར"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "intelektuálʹna vlásnistʹ",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "інтелектуа́льна вла́сність"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 15",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "sở hữu trí tuệ"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Copyright",
"orig": "en:Copyright",
"parents": [
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"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "One area of current change concerns intellectual properties and intellectual property rights.\n\"Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture\""
},
{
"text": "For technology companies, a well-constructed system for managing intellectual properties is fundamental to being able to extract full value from the properties\n\"Profiting from Intellectual Capital: Extracting Value from Innovation\" By Patrick H. Sullivan"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any individual work that is protected under intellectual property law."
],
"id": "en-intellectual_property-en-noun-zEw13in4",
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) Any individual work that is protected under intellectual property law."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"usually"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "知識產品"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhīshi chǎnpǐn",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "知识产品"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "individual work",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "intellectueel eigendom"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "fi",
"english": "collective term",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "immateriaaliomaisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "fi",
"english": "individual work",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "immateriaaliomaisuuteen kuuluva teos"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 87",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "individual work",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "własność intelektualna"
}
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "48 52",
"word": "IP"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"intellectual property"
],
"word": "intellectual property"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tibetan translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Copyright"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "intellectual properties",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
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"1": "-",
"2": "+"
},
"expansion": "intellectual property (usually uncountable, plural intellectual properties)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013 June 8, “Obama goes troll-hunting”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8839, page 55:",
"text": "According to this saga of intellectual-property misanthropy, these creatures [patent trolls] roam the business world, buying up patents and then using them to demand extravagant payouts from companies they accuse of infringing them. Often, their victims pay up rather than face the costs of a legal battle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2013 June 22, “T time”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8841, page 68:",
"text": "The ability to shift profits to low-tax countries by locating intellectual property in them, which is then licensed to related businesses in high-tax countries, is often assumed to be the preserve of high-tech companies. […] current tax rules make it easy for all sorts of firms to generate […] “stateless income”: profit subject to tax in a jurisdiction that is neither the location of the factors of production that generate the income nor where the parent firm is domiciled.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any product of someone's intellect that has commercial value: a piece of literature, a painting, an invention, a trademark, a trade secret, etc. Works protected under intellectual property law, and accorded intellectual property rights such as copyrights and patents."
],
"links": [
[
"product",
"product"
],
[
"intellect",
"intellect"
],
[
"commercial",
"commercial"
],
[
"value",
"value"
],
[
"literature",
"literature"
],
[
"painting",
"painting"
],
[
"invention",
"invention"
],
[
"trademark",
"trademark"
],
[
"trade secret",
"trade secret"
],
[
"copyright",
"copyright"
],
[
"patent",
"patent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Any product of someone's intellect that has commercial value: a piece of literature, a painting, an invention, a trademark, a trade secret, etc. Works protected under intellectual property law, and accorded intellectual property rights such as copyrights and patents."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "One area of current change concerns intellectual properties and intellectual property rights.\n\"Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture\""
},
{
"text": "For technology companies, a well-constructed system for managing intellectual properties is fundamental to being able to extract full value from the properties\n\"Profiting from Intellectual Capital: Extracting Value from Innovation\" By Patrick H. Sullivan"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any individual work that is protected under intellectual property law."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) Any individual work that is protected under intellectual property law."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"usually"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "IP"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"alt": "milkiyya(t) fikriyya",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "مِلْكِيَّة فِكْرِيَّة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "mtavor sepʻakanutʻyun",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "մտավոր սեփականություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "əqli mülkiyyət"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知識產權"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zi¹ sik¹ caan² kyun⁴",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知识产权"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知識產權"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhīshi chǎnquán",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"Hong-Kong",
"Mainland-China"
],
"word": "知识产权"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "智慧財產"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhìhuì cáichǎn",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "智慧财产"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "duševní vlastnictví"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "immaterialret"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "intellektuel ejendomsret"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "intellectueel eigendom"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "immateriaalioikeudet"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propriété intellectuelle"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propiedade intelectual"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "inṭelekṭualuri saḳutreba",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "ინტელექტუალური საკუთრება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "geistiges Eigentum"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "dianoïtikí idioktisía",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "διανοητική ιδιοκτησία"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kinyán rukhaní",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קניין רוחני"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "kekayaan intelektual"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chiteki zaisan",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "知的財産"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "ziätkerlık menşık",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "зияткерлік меншік"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jijeokjaesan",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "지적재산"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "harta intelektual"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "ojuuny ömč",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "оюуны өмч"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "medlegiin ömč",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"China",
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "мэдлэгийн өмч"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "medlegiin büteegdexüün",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"China",
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "мэдлэгийн бүтээгдэхүүн"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "własność intelektualna"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propriedade intelectual"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "proprietate intelectuală"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "intellektuálʹnaja sóbstvennostʹ",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "интеллектуа́льная со́бственность"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "propiedad intelectual"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "immaterialrätt"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "bsam blo'i rgyu nor",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "བསམ་བློའི་རྒྱུ་ནོར"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "rig nor",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "རིག་ནོར"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "intelektuálʹna vlásnistʹ",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "інтелектуа́льна вла́сність"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "product of someone's intellect",
"word": "sở hữu trí tuệ"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "知識產品"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhīshi chǎnpǐn",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "知识产品"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "individual work",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "intellectueel eigendom"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "collective term",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "immateriaaliomaisuus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "individual work",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "individual work",
"word": "immateriaaliomaisuuteen kuuluva teos"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "individual work",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "własność intelektualna"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"intellectual property"
],
"word": "intellectual property"
}
Download raw JSONL data for intellectual property meaning in English (10.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.