See gaum in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "gome"
},
"expansion": "Middle English gome",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse gaum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaumō",
"4": "",
"5": "attention"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“attention”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰowe-",
"4": "",
"5": "to heed, pay attention"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰowe- (“to heed, pay attention”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "*gomen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English *gomen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "yemen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English yemen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġīeman",
"3": "",
"4": "to care for, heed"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽",
"3": "",
"4": "observe"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is from dialectal (Northern) English, from Middle English gome, from Old Norse gaum, gaumr (“heed, attention”), from Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“attention”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰowe- (“to heed, pay attention”). The verb is from Middle English *gomen, from the noun. Compare native Middle English yemen, from Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”), and Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”).",
"head_templates": [
{
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"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "gaum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "21 31 5 2 6 2 27 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaumish"
},
{
"word": "gaumless"
},
{
"word": "gaum-like"
},
{
"word": "gormless"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1862, C. Clough Robinson, The Dialect of Leeds and its Neighbourhood, Illustrated, page 18:",
"text": "\"S'cat! s'cat! — set that cat off that barns knee — it al puzzum it!\"\n\"Ah've tel'd 'em awal abart that tu monny a hunderd times, bud thuh tak no moar gaum o' muh then a stoop.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1919, Ethel Carnie Holdsworth, The Taming of Nan, page 31:",
"text": "\"Good-night, Uncle Nat,\" he called. Uncle Nat walked on in grim silence, never turning his head, for quite half a dozen paces. Then he came back to the gate to which Adam had also returned. \"Tak' no gaum o' my gruntlin', Addy,\" asked Uncle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1972, William Mayne, The Incline, →ISBN, page 141:",
"text": "\"Take no gaum,\" he said. \"I've not heard her. This is between thee and me, Tommy. I'll use but one hand.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Heed; attention."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-noun-BVoxoc-C",
"links": [
[
"Heed",
"heed"
],
[
"attention",
"attention"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, dialectal, rare) Heed; attention."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
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"etymology_number": 1,
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{
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"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "gome"
},
"expansion": "Middle English gome",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse gaum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaumō",
"4": "",
"5": "attention"
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"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“attention”)",
"name": "der"
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{
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"3": "*gʰowe-",
"4": "",
"5": "to heed, pay attention"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰowe- (“to heed, pay attention”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "*gomen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English *gomen",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "yemen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English yemen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġīeman",
"3": "",
"4": "to care for, heed"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽",
"3": "",
"4": "observe"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is from dialectal (Northern) English, from Middle English gome, from Old Norse gaum, gaumr (“heed, attention”), from Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“attention”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰowe- (“to heed, pay attention”). The verb is from Middle English *gomen, from the noun. Compare native Middle English yemen, from Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”), and Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gauming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (third-person singular simple present gaums, present participle gauming, simple past and past participle gaumed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1893, Keighley Snowden, Tales of the Yorkshire Wolds, page 171:",
"text": "\"We said nowt on 't. Ther' no 'casion to stir up trouble. But we all gaumed 'at when he heerd t' sounds o' them 'at com to lowse us he'd crawled off into t' workin's an' brayed his head agean a shou'der o' quartz.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1896, James Keighley Snowden, Web of an Old Weaver, quoted in The English Dialect Dictionary (1900 edition)",
"text": "'Nobody gaums where we are now,' I said."
},
{
"ref": "1870, John Christopher Atkinson, Lost, quoted in The English Dialect Dictionary (1900 edition)",
"text": "Aye sir, we gaum ye."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To understand; comprehend; consider."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-verb-CBNAK2S7",
"links": [
[
"understand",
"understand"
],
[
"comprehend",
"comprehend"
],
[
"consider",
"consider"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal, obsolete) To understand; comprehend; consider."
],
"related": [
{
"english": "gape, gawk",
"word": "gorm"
},
{
"english": "see, recognize, take notice of",
"word": "goam"
}
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
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},
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"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
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"word": "gaum"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps a variant of gum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gauming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
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"participle",
"past"
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{
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Appalachian English",
"parents": [],
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
"kind": "other",
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern US English",
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{
"_dis": "21 31 5 2 6 2 27 6",
"kind": "other",
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaumy"
},
{
"word": "begaum"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1894, Rowland Evans Robinson, Danvis Folks, chapter VI, The Paring-Bee, page 117",
"text": "No, bubby, couldn't hev the wax. Gaum him all up so 't mammy 'd hafter nigh abaout skin him tu git him clean ag'in; […]"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1908, Mark Twain, “Little Bessie”, in Mark Twain's Fables of Man, published 1972:",
"text": "Isn't it horrible, mamma! One fly produces fifty-two billions of descendants in 60 days in June and July, and they go and crawl over sick people and wade through pus, and sputa, and foul matter exuding from sores, and gaum themselves with every kind of disease-germ, then they go to everybody's dinner-table and wipe themselves off on the butter […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1930, Marietta Minnigerode Andrews, Memoirs of a Poor Relation: Being the Story of a Post-war Southern Girl and Her Battle with Destiny, page 293:",
"text": "Butter became in my eyes a gauge of character and gentility, almost of integrity. I watched these ravenous wretches \"gaum\" their batter-cakes with it, help themselves to more than they really wanted, leaving great golden chunks of it half melted and wholly useless, mixed as it was with gravy […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Appalachian Journal, volume 18, page 196:",
"text": "Simply gaum them all over with thick claybank mud and throw them into the fire. The clay will bake hard.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To smear."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-verb-n9iGXH6f",
"links": [
[
"smear",
"smear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US and UK, dialects, chiefly Midlands, Southern US, Appalachia) To smear."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gorm"
}
],
"tags": [
"Appalachia",
"Midlands",
"Southern-US",
"UK",
"US",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
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"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
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"word": "gaum"
}
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"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
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{
"_dis": "24 39 4 1 3 3 23 4",
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{
"_dis": "22 43 3 1 2 2 25 3",
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"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1913, William Gerard Chapman, “Wine of the Orchard”, in Outing: Sport, Adventure, Travel Fiction, volume 61, page 210:",
"text": "\"douse your head under the pump and wash some of the gaum off your hands and we'll see what your Aunt Debbie can do for that empty feelin'.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1927, Robert Lindsay Mason, The lure of the Great Smokies, page 150",
"text": "Said 'Black Bill' Walker, of Walker's Valley, in speaking of the forge: 'I never heerd sech a rackity-rack! Ye'd think the heavens was fallin' down! Them fellers aworkin' thar in the sweat an' gaum reminded me more of the gate to the bad place!'"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Howard Bahr, The Black Flower: A Novel of the Civil War, →ISBN, page 106:",
"text": "They thrust their wedge-shaped faces into the light, then, one by one, tried the air with their delicate paper wings. The air bore them up; they circled lazily over the heads of men, they lit on hands and faces and in the gaum of wounds, they died underfoot.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Grime."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-noun-0pnZOfgM",
"links": [
[
"Grime",
"grime"
]
],
"qualifier": "Appalachia and other dialects",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Appalachia and other dialects, rare) Grime."
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (plural gaums)",
"name": "en-noun"
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1939, Esquire, volume 12, numbers 1-3, page 54:",
"text": "When he had let what he deemed was a sufficiency of blood out of the incised vein, he called to Elvira to bring a spoon of \"sut\" from off the back of the fireplace and a \"gaum\" of spiderwebs from somewhere or other.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1978, Editorials on File, volume 9, number 2, page 1392:",
"text": "The Rockwellian palette was what Arkansans would call a \"gaum\" of sentiment— sentimentality, the cynical would say. His paintings were what these same cynics would probably call \"representational,\" […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Donald Harington, The Cockroaches of Stay More, →ISBN, page 191:",
"text": "\"There aint a gaum of grub to be found nowheres. If rain was syrup, we'd all be gorged, but there aint enough sup to make a housefly floop his snoot.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bit, a small amount."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-noun-fZ0ZP8ww",
"links": [
[
"bit",
"bit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal, rare) A bit, a small amount."
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_text": "Probably a variant of gom (an Irish English slang term for a foolish person), but possibly related to or influenced by gorming, gawming (“clumsy, stupid”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (plural gaums)",
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"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1946, Liam O'Flaherty, Land, →ISBN:",
"text": "He's a scrawny gaum of a lad named Tony Regan, the tailor's eldest son.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1947, James Reynolds, A world of horses: A conversation piece, page 229:",
"text": "I saw standing up out of the grass a murderous length of sharp steel. Some gaum of a farm boy had abandoned this scythe while cutting bundles of sourgrass for cattle-breeding.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1956, Sean O'Casey, I knock at the door. Pictures in the hallway. [etc], page 133:",
"text": "I'm no gaum. I'll work th' delivery in such a wise way that neither of the boyos'll fall into the suspicion they had lost as much as a burnt-out match.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A useless person."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-noun-Q4MmRtwu",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, dialectal or colloquial) A useless person."
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"dialectal",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_text": "Variant of gorm (“to make a mess of”), which see for more.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gauming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
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}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (third-person singular simple present gaums, present participle gauming, simple past and past participle gaumed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to make a mess of",
"word": "gorm"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2005, Charles Ray, The Tarheel Connection: An Environmental Romance, →ISBN, page 93:",
"text": "\"She'll get plum bereft 'n worried, even git the all'overs, if n the place's all gaumed up.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom, →ISBN, page 206:",
"text": "Some gaumed up their whole lives by a-hasteing in this or that thing, taking out their impatience on this or the other body.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of gorm (to make a mess of)."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-verb-I3DyywRJ",
"links": [
[
"gorm",
"gorm#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hi",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Hindi [Term?]",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Hindi [Term?].",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (plural gaums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indian English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A village."
],
"id": "en-gaum-en-noun-8gUCZXRd",
"links": [
[
"village",
"village"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(India, archaic) A village."
],
"tags": [
"India",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
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{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
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"word": "gaum"
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{
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"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaumish"
},
{
"word": "gaumless"
},
{
"word": "gaum-like"
},
{
"word": "gormless"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "gome"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse gaum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gaumō",
"4": "",
"5": "attention"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰowe-",
"4": "",
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},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "enm",
"3": "*gomen"
},
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"name": "der"
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{
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"2": "yemen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English yemen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġīeman",
"3": "",
"4": "to care for, heed"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽",
"3": "",
"4": "observe"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is from dialectal (Northern) English, from Middle English gome, from Old Norse gaum, gaumr (“heed, attention”), from Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“attention”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰowe- (“to heed, pay attention”). The verb is from Middle English *gomen, from the noun. Compare native Middle English yemen, from Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”), and Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "gaum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1862, C. Clough Robinson, The Dialect of Leeds and its Neighbourhood, Illustrated, page 18:",
"text": "\"S'cat! s'cat! — set that cat off that barns knee — it al puzzum it!\"\n\"Ah've tel'd 'em awal abart that tu monny a hunderd times, bud thuh tak no moar gaum o' muh then a stoop.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1919, Ethel Carnie Holdsworth, The Taming of Nan, page 31:",
"text": "\"Good-night, Uncle Nat,\" he called. Uncle Nat walked on in grim silence, never turning his head, for quite half a dozen paces. Then he came back to the gate to which Adam had also returned. \"Tak' no gaum o' my gruntlin', Addy,\" asked Uncle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1972, William Mayne, The Incline, →ISBN, page 141:",
"text": "\"Take no gaum,\" he said. \"I've not heard her. This is between thee and me, Tommy. I'll use but one hand.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Heed; attention."
],
"links": [
[
"Heed",
"heed"
],
[
"attention",
"attention"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, dialectal, rare) Heed; attention."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
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"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
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{
"args": {
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"3": "gome"
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"expansion": "Middle English gome",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "gaum"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse gaum",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
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"4": "",
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"4": "",
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},
{
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},
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"name": "der"
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{
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"1": "enm",
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"expansion": "Middle English yemen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġīeman",
"3": "",
"4": "to care for, heed"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽",
"3": "",
"4": "observe"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is from dialectal (Northern) English, from Middle English gome, from Old Norse gaum, gaumr (“heed, attention”), from Proto-Germanic *gaumō (“attention”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰowe- (“to heed, pay attention”). The verb is from Middle English *gomen, from the noun. Compare native Middle English yemen, from Old English ġīeman (“to care for, heed”), and Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaumjan, “observe”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gauming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
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"past"
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}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {},
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}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"english": "gape, gawk",
"word": "gorm"
},
{
"english": "see, recognize, take notice of",
"word": "goam"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1893, Keighley Snowden, Tales of the Yorkshire Wolds, page 171:",
"text": "\"We said nowt on 't. Ther' no 'casion to stir up trouble. But we all gaumed 'at when he heerd t' sounds o' them 'at com to lowse us he'd crawled off into t' workin's an' brayed his head agean a shou'der o' quartz.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1896, James Keighley Snowden, Web of an Old Weaver, quoted in The English Dialect Dictionary (1900 edition)",
"text": "'Nobody gaums where we are now,' I said."
},
{
"ref": "1870, John Christopher Atkinson, Lost, quoted in The English Dialect Dictionary (1900 edition)",
"text": "Aye sir, we gaum ye."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To understand; comprehend; consider."
],
"links": [
[
"understand",
"understand"
],
[
"comprehend",
"comprehend"
],
[
"consider",
"consider"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal, obsolete) To understand; comprehend; consider."
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
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"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
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"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaumy"
},
{
"word": "begaum"
}
],
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; perhaps a variant of gum.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gauming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
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"past"
]
}
],
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],
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"pos": "verb",
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{
"categories": [
"American English",
"Appalachian English",
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"Midlands English",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Southern US English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1894, Rowland Evans Robinson, Danvis Folks, chapter VI, The Paring-Bee, page 117",
"text": "No, bubby, couldn't hev the wax. Gaum him all up so 't mammy 'd hafter nigh abaout skin him tu git him clean ag'in; […]"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1908, Mark Twain, “Little Bessie”, in Mark Twain's Fables of Man, published 1972:",
"text": "Isn't it horrible, mamma! One fly produces fifty-two billions of descendants in 60 days in June and July, and they go and crawl over sick people and wade through pus, and sputa, and foul matter exuding from sores, and gaum themselves with every kind of disease-germ, then they go to everybody's dinner-table and wipe themselves off on the butter […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1930, Marietta Minnigerode Andrews, Memoirs of a Poor Relation: Being the Story of a Post-war Southern Girl and Her Battle with Destiny, page 293:",
"text": "Butter became in my eyes a gauge of character and gentility, almost of integrity. I watched these ravenous wretches \"gaum\" their batter-cakes with it, help themselves to more than they really wanted, leaving great golden chunks of it half melted and wholly useless, mixed as it was with gravy […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Appalachian Journal, volume 18, page 196:",
"text": "Simply gaum them all over with thick claybank mud and throw them into the fire. The clay will bake hard.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To smear."
],
"links": [
[
"smear",
"smear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US and UK, dialects, chiefly Midlands, Southern US, Appalachia) To smear."
],
"tags": [
"Appalachia",
"Midlands",
"Southern-US",
"UK",
"US",
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gorm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Hindi",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
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{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Possibly related to gaum (“smear”, verb).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "gaum (uncountable)",
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}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Appalachian English",
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1913, William Gerard Chapman, “Wine of the Orchard”, in Outing: Sport, Adventure, Travel Fiction, volume 61, page 210:",
"text": "\"douse your head under the pump and wash some of the gaum off your hands and we'll see what your Aunt Debbie can do for that empty feelin'.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1927, Robert Lindsay Mason, The lure of the Great Smokies, page 150",
"text": "Said 'Black Bill' Walker, of Walker's Valley, in speaking of the forge: 'I never heerd sech a rackity-rack! Ye'd think the heavens was fallin' down! Them fellers aworkin' thar in the sweat an' gaum reminded me more of the gate to the bad place!'"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Howard Bahr, The Black Flower: A Novel of the Civil War, →ISBN, page 106:",
"text": "They thrust their wedge-shaped faces into the light, then, one by one, tried the air with their delicate paper wings. The air bore them up; they circled lazily over the heads of men, they lit on hands and faces and in the gaum of wounds, they died underfoot.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Grime."
],
"links": [
[
"Grime",
"grime"
]
],
"qualifier": "Appalachia and other dialects",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Appalachia and other dialects, rare) Grime."
],
"tags": [
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Hindi",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (plural gaums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1939, Esquire, volume 12, numbers 1-3, page 54:",
"text": "When he had let what he deemed was a sufficiency of blood out of the incised vein, he called to Elvira to bring a spoon of \"sut\" from off the back of the fireplace and a \"gaum\" of spiderwebs from somewhere or other.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1978, Editorials on File, volume 9, number 2, page 1392:",
"text": "The Rockwellian palette was what Arkansans would call a \"gaum\" of sentiment— sentimentality, the cynical would say. His paintings were what these same cynics would probably call \"representational,\" […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Donald Harington, The Cockroaches of Stay More, →ISBN, page 191:",
"text": "\"There aint a gaum of grub to be found nowheres. If rain was syrup, we'd all be gorged, but there aint enough sup to make a housefly floop his snoot.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bit, a small amount."
],
"links": [
[
"bit",
"bit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal, rare) A bit, a small amount."
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Hindi",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_text": "Probably a variant of gom (an Irish English slang term for a foolish person), but possibly related to or influenced by gorming, gawming (“clumsy, stupid”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (plural gaums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English colloquialisms",
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1946, Liam O'Flaherty, Land, →ISBN:",
"text": "He's a scrawny gaum of a lad named Tony Regan, the tailor's eldest son.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1947, James Reynolds, A world of horses: A conversation piece, page 229:",
"text": "I saw standing up out of the grass a murderous length of sharp steel. Some gaum of a farm boy had abandoned this scythe while cutting bundles of sourgrass for cattle-breeding.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1956, Sean O'Casey, I knock at the door. Pictures in the hallway. [etc], page 133:",
"text": "I'm no gaum. I'll work th' delivery in such a wise way that neither of the boyos'll fall into the suspicion they had lost as much as a burnt-out match.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A useless person."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, dialectal or colloquial) A useless person."
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"dialectal",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Hindi",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_text": "Variant of gorm (“to make a mess of”), which see for more.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gauming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaumed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (third-person singular simple present gaums, present participle gauming, simple past and past participle gaumed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to make a mess of",
"word": "gorm"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2005, Charles Ray, The Tarheel Connection: An Environmental Romance, →ISBN, page 93:",
"text": "\"She'll get plum bereft 'n worried, even git the all'overs, if n the place's all gaumed up.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom, →ISBN, page 206:",
"text": "Some gaumed up their whole lives by a-hasteing in this or that thing, taking out their impatience on this or the other body.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of gorm (to make a mess of)."
],
"links": [
[
"gorm",
"gorm#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Hindi",
"English terms derived from Hindi",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːm/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 7,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hi",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Hindi [Term?]",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Hindi [Term?].",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gaum (plural gaums)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"Indian English"
],
"glosses": [
"A village."
],
"links": [
[
"village",
"village"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(India, archaic) A village."
],
"tags": [
"India",
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gaum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gaum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːm"
}
],
"word": "gaum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gaum meaning in English (21.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.