See gaslight in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gaslight meaning in English (21.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gas",
"3": "light",
"t1": "flammable gaseous hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel"
},
"expansion": "gas (“flammable gaseous hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel”) + light",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From gas (“flammable gaseous hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel”) + light.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaslights",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gaslight (countable and uncountable, plural gaslights)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "lamp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "light"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gas‧light"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gaslighter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas lighter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas-lighter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gaslighting"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas lighting"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas-lighting"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "gaslit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas mantle"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 18 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 16 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 34 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Light sources",
"orig": "en:Light sources",
"parents": [
"Light",
"Energy",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1904, Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson], “Fresh Air”, in Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […], Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC, page 222",
"text": "Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A lamp which operates by burning piped illuminating gas (or town gas)."
],
"id": "en-gaslight-en-noun-8dZNaNwK",
"links": [
[
"lamp",
"lamp"
],
[
"operate",
"operate"
],
[
"burning",
"burn#Verb"
],
[
"piped",
"piped#Adjective"
],
[
"illuminating gas",
"illuminating gas"
],
[
"town gas",
"town gas"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "gas lamp"
}
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "煤氣燈"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "méiqìdēng",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "煤气灯"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "自來火"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìláihuǒ",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"regional"
],
"word": "自来火"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gaslampe"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gaslygte"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gaslys"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "kaasulamppu"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bec de gaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gazis natura",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "გაზის ნათურა"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gaslampe"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "aeriófos",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αεριόφως"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anthrakaério",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ανθρακαέριο"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "lámpa aeríou",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "λάμπα αερίου"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "gázlámpa"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gaslampi"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gáslampa"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gasu-tō",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "ガス灯"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gasslampe"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gasslampe"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "lampa gazowa"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lâmpada a gás"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "lampião"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gázovaja lámpa",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "га́зовая ла́мпа"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plinska lampa"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plinska svjetiljka"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plinska svetiljka"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lámpara a gas"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "gasera"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "lasigi"
},
{
"_dis1": "86 14",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "gaz lambası"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1887, Horatio Alger, Jr., “An Unexpected Engagement”, in Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys), New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC, page 86",
"text": "A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The light produced by the burning gas in such a lamp."
],
"id": "en-gaslight-en-noun-6T8L4ZJs",
"links": [
[
"light",
"light#Noun"
],
[
"produced",
"produce#Verb"
],
[
"burning",
"burning#Adjective"
],
[
"gas",
"gas#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæslaɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæsˌlaɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
],
"text": "Audio (RP)"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-gaslight.mp3",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3/En-us-gaslight.mp3.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas light"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gas-light"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "煤氣燈光"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "méiqì dēngguāng",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "煤气灯光"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gaslys"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "kaasuvalo"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gazis ganatebaa",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "გაზის განათებაა"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Gaslicht"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "aeriófos",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αεριόφως"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gasljós"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "solas gáis"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "oświetlenie gazowe"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "luz/iluminação a gás"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gázovoje osveščénije",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "га́зовое освеще́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plinsko svjetlo"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plinsko svetlo"
}
],
"word": "gaslight"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "From the 1938 stage play Gas Light by the English playwright and novelist Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962), and its 1940 and 1944 film adaptations, in which a husband attempts to convince his wife and others that she is insane by manipulating small elements of their environment. For more details, see also Gaslighting § Etymology on Wikipedia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaslights",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslighting",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslighted",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslighted",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslit",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslit",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"past2": "gaslit"
},
"expansion": "gaslight (third-person singular simple present gaslights, present participle gaslighting, simple past and past participle gaslighted or gaslit)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gas‧light"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaslightee"
},
{
"word": "gaslighter"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "gaslighting"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1962, \"The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV.\" Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode \"Who Is Sylvia\" of the television show Surfside 6",
"text": "Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is \"gaslighting\" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)"
},
{
"ref": "1963, \"TV Scout.\" Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode \"The August Teahouse of Quint McHale\" of McHale's Navy",
"text": "[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to \"gaslight\" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane."
},
{
"ref": "1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564",
"text": "\"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes.\""
},
{
"text": "1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his \"most excruciating experience with a producer\" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. \"'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg.\" The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.\nI came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie."
},
{
"ref": "2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie",
"text": "Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life."
},
{
"ref": "2021 September 28, Alexander Brown, An Ethics of Political Communication, Routledge",
"text": "In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To manipulate someone such that they doubt their own memory, perceptions of reality, or sanity, typically for malevolent reasons."
],
"id": "en-gaslight-en-verb-ennEJxvY",
"links": [
[
"manipulate",
"manipulate"
],
[
"memory",
"memory"
],
[
"perceptions",
"perception"
],
[
"sanity",
"sanity"
],
[
"malevolent",
"malevolent#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly transitive) To manipulate someone such that they doubt their own memory, perceptions of reality, or sanity, typically for malevolent reasons."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Kafkatrap"
},
{
"word": "mind game"
},
{
"word": "mindscrew"
},
{
"word": "deceive"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "head-game"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "abusar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "fer llum de gas"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gaslighte"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "destabiliseren"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "ontredderen"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gaslampumi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipuloida luulemaan olevansa sekaisin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipuloida luulemaan tulevansa hulluksi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "sumuttaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"tags": [
"Anglicism",
"slang"
],
"word": "kaasuvalottaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipuler"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gagižebamde maniṗulireba",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "გაგიჟებამდე მანიპულირება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "mit Psychotricks allmählich in den Wahnsinn treiben",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "mit Psychotricks langsam irre machen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"note": "elbizonytalanítva manipulál és az őrületbe kerget/hajszol",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"note": "valóságérzékelése érvénytelenítésével elhiteti vele, hogy őrült",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gaslightingot alkalmaz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gázlángol"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipolare"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "mentiō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "abūsō"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "abusar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gazlájtitʹ",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "газла́йтить"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "praviti ludim"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "geslajtati"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "mentir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "facerle la psicológica a"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæslaɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæsˌlaɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
],
"text": "Audio (RP)"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-gaslight.mp3",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3/En-us-gaslight.mp3.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Gas Light",
"Gaslighting#Etymology",
"gaslighting"
],
"word": "gaslight"
}
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English 2-syllable words",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English historical terms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from fiction",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"en:Light sources"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gas",
"3": "light",
"t1": "flammable gaseous hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel"
},
"expansion": "gas (“flammable gaseous hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel”) + light",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From gas (“flammable gaseous hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon mixture used as a fuel”) + light.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaslights",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gaslight (countable and uncountable, plural gaslights)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "lamp"
},
{
"word": "light"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gas‧light"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "gaslighter"
},
{
"word": "gas lighter"
},
{
"word": "gas-lighter"
},
{
"word": "gaslighting"
},
{
"word": "gas lighting"
},
{
"word": "gas-lighting"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "gaslit"
},
{
"word": "gas mantle"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1904, Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson], “Fresh Air”, in Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […], Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC, page 222",
"text": "Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A lamp which operates by burning piped illuminating gas (or town gas)."
],
"links": [
[
"lamp",
"lamp"
],
[
"operate",
"operate"
],
[
"burning",
"burn#Verb"
],
[
"piped",
"piped#Adjective"
],
[
"illuminating gas",
"illuminating gas"
],
[
"town gas",
"town gas"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "gas lamp"
}
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1887, Horatio Alger, Jr., “An Unexpected Engagement”, in Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys), New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC, page 86",
"text": "A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The light produced by the burning gas in such a lamp."
],
"links": [
[
"light",
"light#Noun"
],
[
"produced",
"produce#Verb"
],
[
"burning",
"burning#Adjective"
],
[
"gas",
"gas#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"British",
"countable",
"historical",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæslaɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæsˌlaɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
],
"text": "Audio (RP)"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-gaslight.mp3",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3/En-us-gaslight.mp3.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gas light"
},
{
"word": "gas-light"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "煤氣燈"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "méiqìdēng",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "煤气灯"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "自來火"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zìláihuǒ",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"regional"
],
"word": "自来火"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gaslampe"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gaslygte"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gaslys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "kaasulamppu"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bec de gaz"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gazis natura",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "გაზის ნათურა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Gaslampe"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "aeriófos",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αεριόφως"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anthrakaério",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ανθρακαέριο"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "lámpa aeríou",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "λάμπα αερίου"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "gázlámpa"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gaslampi"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gáslampa"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gasu-tō",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "ガス灯"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gasslampe"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gasslampe"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "lampa gazowa"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lâmpada a gás"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "lampião"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gázovaja lámpa",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "га́зовая ла́мпа"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plinska lampa"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plinska svjetiljka"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "plinska svetiljka"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lámpara a gas"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "gasera"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "lasigi"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "lamp which burns piped illuminating gas",
"word": "gaz lambası"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "煤氣燈光"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "méiqì dēngguāng",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "煤气灯光"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gaslys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "kaasuvalo"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gazis ganatebaa",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "გაზის განათებაა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Gaslicht"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "aeriófos",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αεριόφως"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gasljós"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "solas gáis"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"word": "oświetlenie gazowe"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "luz/iluminação a gás"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gázovoje osveščénije",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "га́зовое освеще́ние"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plinsko svjetlo"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "light produced by burning gas",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "plinsko svetlo"
}
],
"word": "gaslight"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from fiction",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:Light sources"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gaslightee"
},
{
"word": "gaslighter"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "gaslighting"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "From the 1938 stage play Gas Light by the English playwright and novelist Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962), and its 1940 and 1944 film adaptations, in which a husband attempts to convince his wife and others that she is insane by manipulating small elements of their environment. For more details, see also Gaslighting § Etymology on Wikipedia.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gaslights",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslighting",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslighted",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslighted",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslit",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gaslit",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"past2": "gaslit"
},
"expansion": "gaslight (third-person singular simple present gaslights, present participle gaslighting, simple past and past participle gaslighted or gaslit)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gas‧light"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "Kafkatrap"
},
{
"word": "mind game"
},
{
"word": "mindscrew"
},
{
"word": "deceive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English links with manual fragments",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1962, \"The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV.\" Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode \"Who Is Sylvia\" of the television show Surfside 6",
"text": "Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is \"gaslighting\" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)"
},
{
"ref": "1963, \"TV Scout.\" Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode \"The August Teahouse of Quint McHale\" of McHale's Navy",
"text": "[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to \"gaslight\" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane."
},
{
"ref": "1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564",
"text": "\"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes.\""
},
{
"text": "1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his \"most excruciating experience with a producer\" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. \"'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg.\" The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.\nI came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie."
},
{
"ref": "2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie",
"text": "Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life."
},
{
"ref": "2021 September 28, Alexander Brown, An Ethics of Political Communication, Routledge",
"text": "In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To manipulate someone such that they doubt their own memory, perceptions of reality, or sanity, typically for malevolent reasons."
],
"links": [
[
"manipulate",
"manipulate"
],
[
"memory",
"memory"
],
[
"perceptions",
"perception"
],
[
"sanity",
"sanity"
],
[
"malevolent",
"malevolent#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly transitive) To manipulate someone such that they doubt their own memory, perceptions of reality, or sanity, typically for malevolent reasons."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "head-game"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæslaɪt/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡæsˌlaɪt/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-I_learned_some_phrases-gaslight.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
],
"text": "Audio (RP)"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-gaslight.mp3",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/En-us-gaslight.mp3/En-us-gaslight.mp3.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "abusar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "fer llum de gas"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gaslighte"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "destabiliseren"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "ontredderen"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gaslampumi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipuloida luulemaan olevansa sekaisin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipuloida luulemaan tulevansa hulluksi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "sumuttaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"tags": [
"Anglicism",
"slang"
],
"word": "kaasuvalottaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipuler"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gagižebamde maniṗulireba",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "გაგიჟებამდე მანიპულირება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "mit Psychotricks allmählich in den Wahnsinn treiben",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "mit Psychotricks langsam irre machen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"note": "elbizonytalanítva manipulál és az őrületbe kerget/hajszol",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"note": "valóságérzékelése érvénytelenítésével elhiteti vele, hogy őrült",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gaslightingot alkalmaz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "gázlángol"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "manipolare"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "mentiō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "abūsō"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "in a psychological sense",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "abusar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gazlájtitʹ",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "газла́йтить"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "praviti ludim"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "geslajtati"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "mentir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to manipulate (someone) such that they question their own memory, perception, and sanity",
"word": "facerle la psicológica a"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Gas Light",
"Gaslighting#Etymology",
"gaslighting"
],
"word": "gaslight"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.