See extenuation in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"etymology_text": "An adaptation of extenuātiōn-, the oblique stem of the Latin extenuātiō (“a thinning or diminishing”, “rarefaction”; rhetoric “a lessening”, “diminution”, “extenuation”), noun of action from extenuō (“I thin, reduce, or diminish”). Equivalent to extenuate + -ion. Compare the French exténuation.",
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"ref": "1576, Jewell of Health, Baker, page 171 a:",
"text": "This mightily helpeth the extenuation of members.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1655, Culpepper, Riverius, i.v.19",
"text": "A yong man…had an extenuation for want of nourishment in his Limbs."
},
{
"ref": "1707, Floyer, Physic. Pulse-Watch, page 183:",
"text": "Galen commends tepid Baths for…curing all Extenuations.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1781 October 27, Johnson, Let. Mrs. Thrale:",
"text": "The extenuation is her only bad symptom.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825, Betrothed, Walter Scott, section XXX:",
"text": "The female…exhibited…some symptoms of extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1828, “Biog.”, in Ann. Reg., page 474/2:",
"text": "Some pallid from extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action or process of making or becoming thin; an instance of this; a shrunken condition; leanness, emaciation."
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
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"ref": "1655–60, Stanley, Hist. Philos. (1701), page 64/2",
"text": "Winds proceed from extenuation of the Air, by the Sun."
}
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"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"Making less dense; rarefaction."
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
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"ref": "1619, John Donne, Serm., xiv, page 140:",
"text": "All Dilatation is some degree of Extenuation.",
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{
"ref": "1665, Sir T. Herbert, Trav., published 1677, page 186:",
"text": "The Sea is the same at all seasons; what it gets by Rivers and showers, losing by exhalations and extenuations through the excessive heats…within the Torrid Zone.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "1777, Joseph Priestley, chapter XIX, in Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit, volume I, published 1782, page 229:",
"text": "Gregory the Great…says that God penetrates everything without extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
}
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"The action or process of making slender or diminishing in bulk; an instance of this."
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
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{
"ref": "1542–3, Act 34–5 Hen. VIII, c. 18",
"text": "The saide citie is much decaid…not a little to the extenuacion of that part of this realme."
},
{
"ref": "c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], line 22:",
"text": "Such extenuation let me begge, As in reproofe of many Tales deuis’d…I may…Finde pardon on my true submission.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1654, H. L’Estrange, Chas. I, published 1655, page 1:",
"text": "The gallantry of Henry’s heroique spirit tended somewhat to the…extenuation of Charles his glory.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1707, Atterbury, Serm. v. (1723), volume II, page 159",
"text": "What Deeds of Charity we have to alledge in Extenuation of our Punishment."
}
],
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"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of making less or weak; and instance of this; a weakening, impoverishment. Also, mitigation (of blame or punishment)."
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"(obsolete) The action of making less or weak; and instance of this; a weakening, impoverishment. Also, mitigation (of blame or punishment)."
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"ref": "1614, Bp. Hall, Recoll. Treat., page 209:",
"text": "Sometimes…wee humble ourselves lower than there is cause…And no lesse well doth God take these submisse extenuations of our selves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1621, Anat. Mel., Burton, ii.i.iv.ii.228:",
"text": "Through their…extenuation [of their grievance], wretchedness and peevishness they undo themselves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1722, Daniel Defoe, Journal of the Plague Year, published 1840, page 6:",
"text": "Many died of it every day, so that now all our extenuations abated.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1859, John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, ii. (1865), page 13/2:",
"text": "The utmost they allow is an extenuation of its absolute necessity.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1873, R.F. Calixte, translated by A.V.S. Sligo, The Life of the Venerable Anna Maria Taigi, page 303:",
"text": "The simple matter-of-fact style of the narrative is, from its unobtrusive character, more adapted for spiritual reading than the views and generalisations, and prologetic extenuations of more recent biographers.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of representing (something) as slight and trifling; underrating; an instance of this, a plea to this end; a modification in terms."
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
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"ref": "1589, Puttenham, Eng. Poesie iii. xix. (Arb.), page 227",
"text": "We call him the Disabler or figure of Extenuation."
},
{
"ref": "1657, J. Smith, Myst. Rhet., page 56:",
"text": "When for extenuation sake we use a lighter and more easie word or terme then the matter requires.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "1706, Phillips:",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1823, in Crabb, Technol. Dict."
}
],
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"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of representing (something) as slight and trifling; underrating; an instance of this, a plea to this end; a modification in terms.",
"A figure in which a term is used which, in contrast with the more fitting term it supplants, understates or seeks to diminish the significance of something."
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
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"(rhetoric, obsolete) A figure in which a term is used which, in contrast with the more fitting term it supplants, understates or seeks to diminish the significance of something."
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"ref": "1651, Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ii., xxvii., page 156:",
"text": "Extenuation, by which the Crime, that seemed great, is made lesse.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "ante''' 1674, Clarendon, Surv. Leviath. (1676), page 180",
"text": "He…was to find excuses and extenuations for sins."
},
{
"ref": "1712, Addison, Spect., № 297, ¶ 1:",
"text": "Whatever may be said for the Extenuation of such Defects.",
"type": "quote"
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{
"ref": "1750, Johnson, Rambler, № 39, ¶ 7:",
"text": "It may be urged, in extenuation of this crime…that [etc.].",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "ante''' 1832, Jeremy Bentham, Wks. (1843), volume I, page 174",
"text": "The differences of castes…furnish a copious stock of extenuations…to different classes of offences."
},
{
"ref": "1839, Mackintosh, Eth. Philos., Wks. 1846, volume I, page 28",
"text": "In extenuation of a noble error."
}
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"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
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"ref": "1881 May, G.W. Cable, Scribner’s Mag., page 23:",
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"ref": "1883 September 12, Pall Mall G., page 2/2:",
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"etymology_text": "An adaptation of extenuātiōn-, the oblique stem of the Latin extenuātiō (“a thinning or diminishing”, “rarefaction”; rhetoric “a lessening”, “diminution”, “extenuation”), noun of action from extenuō (“I thin, reduce, or diminish”). Equivalent to extenuate + -ion. Compare the French exténuation.",
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"ref": "1576, Jewell of Health, Baker, page 171 a:",
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{
"ref": "1655, Culpepper, Riverius, i.v.19",
"text": "A yong man…had an extenuation for want of nourishment in his Limbs."
},
{
"ref": "1707, Floyer, Physic. Pulse-Watch, page 183:",
"text": "Galen commends tepid Baths for…curing all Extenuations.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1781 October 27, Johnson, Let. Mrs. Thrale:",
"text": "The extenuation is her only bad symptom.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825, Betrothed, Walter Scott, section XXX:",
"text": "The female…exhibited…some symptoms of extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1828, “Biog.”, in Ann. Reg., page 474/2:",
"text": "Some pallid from extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action or process of making or becoming thin; an instance of this; a shrunken condition; leanness, emaciation."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"process",
"process#English"
],
[
"thin",
"thin#English"
],
[
"instance",
"instance#English"
],
[
"shrunken",
"shrunken#English"
],
[
"leanness",
"leanness#English"
],
[
"emaciation",
"emaciation#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action or process of making or becoming thin; an instance of this; a shrunken condition; leanness, emaciation."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1655–60, Stanley, Hist. Philos. (1701), page 64/2",
"text": "Winds proceed from extenuation of the Air, by the Sun."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"Making less dense; rarefaction."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"dense",
"dense#English"
],
[
"rarefaction",
"rarefaction#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"(of air, obsolete) Making less dense; rarefaction."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of air"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1619, John Donne, Serm., xiv, page 140:",
"text": "All Dilatation is some degree of Extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1665, Sir T. Herbert, Trav., published 1677, page 186:",
"text": "The Sea is the same at all seasons; what it gets by Rivers and showers, losing by exhalations and extenuations through the excessive heats…within the Torrid Zone.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1777, Joseph Priestley, chapter XIX, in Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit, volume I, published 1782, page 229:",
"text": "Gregory the Great…says that God penetrates everything without extenuation.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action or process of making slender or diminishing in bulk; an instance of this."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"slender",
"slender#English"
],
[
"diminishing",
"diminish#English"
],
[
"bulk",
"bulk#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"(obsolete) The action or process of making slender or diminishing in bulk; an instance of this."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1542–3, Act 34–5 Hen. VIII, c. 18",
"text": "The saide citie is much decaid…not a little to the extenuacion of that part of this realme."
},
{
"ref": "c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], line 22:",
"text": "Such extenuation let me begge, As in reproofe of many Tales deuis’d…I may…Finde pardon on my true submission.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1654, H. L’Estrange, Chas. I, published 1655, page 1:",
"text": "The gallantry of Henry’s heroique spirit tended somewhat to the…extenuation of Charles his glory.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1707, Atterbury, Serm. v. (1723), volume II, page 159",
"text": "What Deeds of Charity we have to alledge in Extenuation of our Punishment."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of making less or weak; and instance of this; a weakening, impoverishment. Also, mitigation (of blame or punishment)."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"less",
"less#English"
],
[
"weak",
"weak#English"
],
[
"weakening",
"weaken#English"
],
[
"impoverishment",
"impoverishment#English"
],
[
"mitigation",
"mitigation#English"
],
[
"blame",
"blame#English"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"(obsolete) The action of making less or weak; and instance of this; a weakening, impoverishment. Also, mitigation (of blame or punishment)."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1614, Bp. Hall, Recoll. Treat., page 209:",
"text": "Sometimes…wee humble ourselves lower than there is cause…And no lesse well doth God take these submisse extenuations of our selves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1621, Anat. Mel., Burton, ii.i.iv.ii.228:",
"text": "Through their…extenuation [of their grievance], wretchedness and peevishness they undo themselves.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1722, Daniel Defoe, Journal of the Plague Year, published 1840, page 6:",
"text": "Many died of it every day, so that now all our extenuations abated.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1859, John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, ii. (1865), page 13/2:",
"text": "The utmost they allow is an extenuation of its absolute necessity.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1873, R.F. Calixte, translated by A.V.S. Sligo, The Life of the Venerable Anna Maria Taigi, page 303:",
"text": "The simple matter-of-fact style of the narrative is, from its unobtrusive character, more adapted for spiritual reading than the views and generalisations, and prologetic extenuations of more recent biographers.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of representing (something) as slight and trifling; underrating; an instance of this, a plea to this end; a modification in terms."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"representing",
"represent#English"
],
[
"slight",
"slight#English"
],
[
"trifling",
"trifling#English"
],
[
"underrating",
"underrate#English"
],
[
"plea",
"plea#English"
],
[
"end",
"end#English"
],
[
"modification",
"modification#English"
],
[
"terms",
"term#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of representing (something) as slight and trifling; underrating; an instance of this, a plea to this end; a modification in terms."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Rhetoric"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1589, Puttenham, Eng. Poesie iii. xix. (Arb.), page 227",
"text": "We call him the Disabler or figure of Extenuation."
},
{
"ref": "1657, J. Smith, Myst. Rhet., page 56:",
"text": "When for extenuation sake we use a lighter and more easie word or terme then the matter requires.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1706, Phillips:",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1823, in Crabb, Technol. Dict."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of representing (something) as slight and trifling; underrating; an instance of this, a plea to this end; a modification in terms.",
"A figure in which a term is used which, in contrast with the more fitting term it supplants, understates or seeks to diminish the significance of something."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"representing",
"represent#English"
],
[
"slight",
"slight#English"
],
[
"trifling",
"trifling#English"
],
[
"underrating",
"underrate#English"
],
[
"plea",
"plea#English"
],
[
"end",
"end#English"
],
[
"modification",
"modification#English"
],
[
"terms",
"term#English"
],
[
"rhetoric",
"rhetoric"
],
[
"figure",
"figure#English"
],
[
"contrast",
"contrast#English"
],
[
"fitting",
"fitting#English"
],
[
"supplants",
"supplant#English"
],
[
"understates",
"understate#English"
],
[
"significance",
"significance#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of representing (something) as slight and trifling; underrating; an instance of this, a plea to this end; a modification in terms.",
"(rhetoric, obsolete) A figure in which a term is used which, in contrast with the more fitting term it supplants, understates or seeks to diminish the significance of something."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"rhetoric",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1651, Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ii., xxvii., page 156:",
"text": "Extenuation, by which the Crime, that seemed great, is made lesse.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "ante''' 1674, Clarendon, Surv. Leviath. (1676), page 180",
"text": "He…was to find excuses and extenuations for sins."
},
{
"ref": "1712, Addison, Spect., № 297, ¶ 1:",
"text": "Whatever may be said for the Extenuation of such Defects.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1750, Johnson, Rambler, № 39, ¶ 7:",
"text": "It may be urged, in extenuation of this crime…that [etc.].",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "ante''' 1832, Jeremy Bentham, Wks. (1843), volume I, page 174",
"text": "The differences of castes…furnish a copious stock of extenuations…to different classes of offences."
},
{
"ref": "1839, Mackintosh, Eth. Philos., Wks. 1846, volume I, page 28",
"text": "In extenuation of a noble error."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of lessening, or seeking to lessen, the guilt of (an offence or fault) by alleging partial excuses; and instance or means of doing this; a plea in mitigation of censure."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"lessening",
"lessen#English"
],
[
"guilt",
"guilt#English"
],
[
"offence",
"offence#English"
],
[
"fault",
"fault#English"
],
[
"alleging",
"allege#English"
],
[
"excuses",
"excuse#English"
],
[
"means",
"means#English"
],
[
"censure",
"censure#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"The action of lessening, or seeking to lessen, the guilt of (an offence or fault) by alleging partial excuses; and instance or means of doing this; a plea in mitigation of censure."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"English countable nouns",
"English humorous terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881 May, G.W. Cable, Scribner’s Mag., page 23:",
"text": "They were clad in silken extenuations from the throat to the feet.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1883 September 12, Pall Mall G., page 2/2:",
"text": "One side wore…extenuations of a…green colour.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"Thin garments."
],
"links": [
[
"action",
"action#English"
],
[
"extenuating",
"extenuate#English"
],
[
"extenuated",
"extenuated#English"
],
[
"condition",
"condition#English"
],
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"extenuations",
"extenuations#English"
],
[
"garments",
"garment#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable and uncountable) The action of extenuating; extenuated condition.",
"(US, humorous, in the plural as “extenuations”) Thin garments."
],
"raw_tags": [
"as “extenuations”"
],
"tags": [
"US",
"countable",
"humorous",
"in-plural",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪksˌtɛnjʊˈeɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛksˌtɛnjʊˈeɪʃən/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-extenuation.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-extenuation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-extenuation.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-extenuation.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-extenuation.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪʃən"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "extenuacion [16th C.]"
}
],
"word": "extenuation"
}
Download raw JSONL data for extenuation meaning in English (15.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.