See bulldog in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for bulldog meaning in English (20.0kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "British bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "Noctilio",
"word": "bulldog bat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bulldog clip"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bulldog edition"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bulldog gravy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bulldog rat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bulldog scalp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Dutch bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "like a bulldog with a bone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "make a rabbit bite a bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "white English bulldog"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bouledogue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: bouledogue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: bouledogue"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bulldogge",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bulldogge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bulldogge"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "buldogue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: buldogue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: buldogue"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bull",
"3": "dog"
},
"expansion": "bull + dog",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "bull + dog, in reference to bullbaiting.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulldogs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bulldog (plural bulldogs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bull‧dog"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bull-bitch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bull-pup"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 17 2 4 6 8 17 5 18 3 3",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Dogs",
"orig": "en:Dogs",
"parents": [
"Canids",
"Carnivores",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A breed of dog developed in England by the crossing of the bullbaiting dog and the Pug to produce a ladies' companion dog, having a very smooth coat, a flattened face, wrinkly cheeks, powerful front legs, and smaller hind legs."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-hXPN2R8x",
"links": [
[
"breed",
"breed"
],
[
"dog",
"dog"
],
[
"England",
"England"
],
[
"cross",
"cross"
],
[
"bullbaiting",
"bullbaiting"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
],
[
"coat",
"coat"
],
[
"flatten",
"flatten"
],
[
"wrinkly",
"wrinkly"
],
[
"cheek",
"cheek"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
],
[
"hind leg",
"hind leg"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 17 2 4 6 8 17 5 18 3 3",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Dogs",
"orig": "en:Dogs",
"parents": [
"Canids",
"Carnivores",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A breed of dog developed in England by the crossing of the bullbaiting dog and the Pug to produce a ladies' companion dog, having a very smooth coat, a flattened face, wrinkly cheeks, powerful front legs, and smaller hind legs.",
"The original form of this breed, the British bulldog."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-0r1s516h",
"links": [
[
"breed",
"breed"
],
[
"dog",
"dog"
],
[
"England",
"England"
],
[
"cross",
"cross"
],
[
"bullbaiting",
"bullbaiting"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
],
[
"coat",
"coat"
],
[
"flatten",
"flatten"
],
[
"wrinkly",
"wrinkly"
],
[
"cheek",
"cheek"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
],
[
"hind leg",
"hind leg"
],
[
"British bulldog",
"British bulldog"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We need a lawyer who will fight for our case, a real bulldog.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "His bulldog determination was destined to bring him the opportunity he was seeking.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stubborn or determined person."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-MaArgX4B",
"links": [
[
"stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"determined",
"determined"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-x7AcFDsK",
"links": [
[
"refractory",
"refractory"
],
[
"material",
"material"
],
[
"furnace",
"furnace"
],
[
"lining",
"lining"
],
[
"calcining",
"calcine"
],
[
"cinder",
"cinder"
],
[
"slag",
"slag"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Universities",
"orig": "en:Universities",
"parents": [
"Schools",
"Buildings",
"Education",
"Buildings and structures",
"Society",
"Architecture",
"All topics",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Culture"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 4 8 11 10 18 7 16 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English endocentric compounds",
"parents": [
"Endocentric compounds",
"Compound terms",
"Terms by etymology"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2019, Thomas Merton, Patrick F. O'Connell, Medieval Cistercian History (page lxxiii)",
"text": "[…] and was confronted by a “bulldog,” a proctor's assistant in charge of discipline, who asked if he was a member of the university since he wasn't wearing a gown, and he was able to say that he wasn't, […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One of the proctors' officers."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-brXCW~0m",
"links": [
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"proctor",
"proctor"
],
[
"officer",
"officer"
]
],
"qualifier": "Oxford University slang",
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, Oxford University slang) One of the proctors' officers."
],
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Professional wrestling",
"orig": "en:Professional wrestling",
"parents": [
"Entertainment",
"Sports",
"Culture",
"Human activity",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 2 6 9 10 21 8 24 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any move in which the wrestler grabs an opponent's head and jumps forward, so that the wrestler lands, often in a sitting position, and drives the opponent's face into the mat."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-pDx1FvEi",
"links": [
[
"professional wrestling",
"professional wrestling"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(professional wrestling) Any move in which the wrestler grabs an opponent's head and jumps forward, so that the wrestler lands, often in a sitting position, and drives the opponent's face into the mat."
],
"topics": [
"government",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"martial-arts",
"military",
"politics",
"professional-wrestling",
"sports",
"war",
"wrestling"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "American English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Publishing",
"orig": "en:Publishing",
"parents": [
"Industries",
"Mass media",
"Business",
"Culture",
"Media",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Communication",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 4 8 11 10 18 7 16 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English endocentric compounds",
"parents": [
"Endocentric compounds",
"Compound terms",
"Terms by etymology"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 1 5 8 6 25 6 29 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 1 5 8 10 23 8 25 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 2 6 9 10 21 8 24 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 17 2 4 6 8 17 5 18 3 3",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Dogs",
"orig": "en:Dogs",
"parents": [
"Canids",
"Carnivores",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1940, Citizen Kane (film)",
"text": "The bulldog's just gone to press."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bulldog edition."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-OQziPHl2",
"links": [
[
"publishing",
"publishing#Noun"
],
[
"bulldog edition",
"bulldog edition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US, publishing) A bulldog edition."
],
"tags": [
"US"
],
"topics": [
"media",
"publishing"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any of various species of African freshwater fish in the genus Marcusenius, a type of elephantfish."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-0kxCmf1o",
"links": [
[
"Marcusenius",
"Marcusenius#Translingual"
],
[
"elephantfish",
"elephantfish"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 4 8 11 10 18 7 16 6 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English endocentric compounds",
"parents": [
"Endocentric compounds",
"Compound terms",
"Terms by etymology"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 1 5 8 6 25 6 29 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 1 5 8 10 23 8 25 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 2 6 9 10 21 8 24 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 17 2 4 6 8 17 5 18 3 3",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Dogs",
"orig": "en:Dogs",
"parents": [
"Canids",
"Carnivores",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2008 08, Christ Kennedy, Two Sons Nelson, iUniverse, page 304",
"text": "\"... playing bulldog in the yard so I know you're fit enough to fight. Have you decided when you're coming back?”",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010 April 29, Bill Svelmoe, Spirits Eat Ripe Papaya, Wipf and Stock Publishers, page 138",
"text": "[…] playing bulldog on the plaza in front of the meeting hall.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Avril Brock, Pam Jarvis, Yinka Olusoga, Perspectives on Play: Learning for Life",
"text": "[…] playing bulldog, that game where you have two teams, one team runs and the other one catches. You have to run from […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018 June 14, Irvine Welsh, A.L. Kennedy, Meera Syal, John Niven, Pauline Melville, Daisy Buchanan, Christopher Brookmyre, Zoe Venditozzi, Nina Stibbe, Mike Gayle, Murray Lachlan Young, Barney Farmer, 24 Stories: of Hope for Survivors of the Grenfell Tower Fire, Random House",
"text": "Once Tyson skidded on some wet leaves when he and his friends were playing Bulldog in the park. As he lay on the ground they all laughed at him, even Ajay, and although he'd twisted his ankle, what hurt most was his pride.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The children's game of British Bulldog or Red Rover."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-noun-wB681NDD",
"links": [
[
"capitalized",
"capitalisation"
],
[
"Red Rover",
"Red Rover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, sometimes capitalized) The children's game of British Bulldog or Red Rover."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"capitalized",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɒɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɔɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "English bulldog"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "بلدغ"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buldóg",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "булдо́г"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "牛頭犬"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "niútóuquǎn",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "牛头犬"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldok"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldogo"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "bulldoggi"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bouledogue"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Bulldogge"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "boulntógk",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "μπουλντόγκ"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "buldog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "בולדוג"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldogo"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "burudoggu",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "ブルドッグ"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "buldok",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "불독"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "molossus"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldogas"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "buldog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "булдог"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "anjing bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldogue"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bulʹdóg",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бульдо́г"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "булдог"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "самсов"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "samsov"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bulldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dogo"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bulldogg"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "toradoeg"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 1 2 1 3 2 1 1",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "buldog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "בולדאָג"
}
],
"word": "bulldog"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bull",
"3": "dog"
},
"expansion": "bull + dog",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "bull + dog, in reference to bullbaiting.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulldogs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bulldogging",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bulldogged",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bulldogged",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "++"
},
"expansion": "bulldog (third-person singular simple present bulldogs, present participle bulldogging, simple past and past participle bulldogged)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bull‧dog"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2019 March 6, Drachinifel, 14:01 from the start, in The Battle of Samar (Alternate History) - Bring on the Battleships!, archived from the original on 2022-07-20",
"text": "So to give you some idea, we had scenarios where Yamato came steaming over the horizon and just bulldogged its way straight through the American battleline, and the whole thing was done and dusted inside of an hour, with 18-inch shells just blowing apart anything in sight.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To force oneself (in a particular direction)."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-verb-kwqGv95G",
"links": [
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"oneself",
"oneself"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, often with into or through) To force oneself (in a particular direction)."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with into or through"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bull"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"often"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To chase (a steer) on horseback and wrestle it to the ground by twisting its horns (as a rodeo performance)."
],
"id": "en-bulldog-en-verb-T77ohDLj",
"links": [
[
"chase",
"chase"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"horseback",
"horseback"
],
[
"wrestle",
"wrestle"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"twist",
"twist"
],
[
"horn",
"horn"
],
[
"rodeo",
"rodeo"
],
[
"performance",
"performance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To chase (a steer) on horseback and wrestle it to the ground by twisting its horns (as a rodeo performance)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɒɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɔɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "bulldog"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English endocentric compounds",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:Dogs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "British bulldog"
},
{
"english": "Noctilio",
"word": "bulldog bat"
},
{
"word": "bulldog clip"
},
{
"word": "bulldog edition"
},
{
"word": "bulldog gravy"
},
{
"word": "bulldog rat"
},
{
"word": "bulldog scalp"
},
{
"word": "Dutch bulldog"
},
{
"word": "like a bulldog with a bone"
},
{
"word": "make a rabbit bite a bulldog"
},
{
"word": "white English bulldog"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "bouledogue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: bouledogue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: bouledogue"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bulldogge",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Bulldogge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Bulldogge"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "buldogue",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: buldogue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: buldogue"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bull",
"3": "dog"
},
"expansion": "bull + dog",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "bull + dog, in reference to bullbaiting.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulldogs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bulldog (plural bulldogs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bull‧dog"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bull-bitch"
},
{
"word": "bull-pup"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A breed of dog developed in England by the crossing of the bullbaiting dog and the Pug to produce a ladies' companion dog, having a very smooth coat, a flattened face, wrinkly cheeks, powerful front legs, and smaller hind legs."
],
"links": [
[
"breed",
"breed"
],
[
"dog",
"dog"
],
[
"England",
"England"
],
[
"cross",
"cross"
],
[
"bullbaiting",
"bullbaiting"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
],
[
"coat",
"coat"
],
[
"flatten",
"flatten"
],
[
"wrinkly",
"wrinkly"
],
[
"cheek",
"cheek"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
],
[
"hind leg",
"hind leg"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A breed of dog developed in England by the crossing of the bullbaiting dog and the Pug to produce a ladies' companion dog, having a very smooth coat, a flattened face, wrinkly cheeks, powerful front legs, and smaller hind legs.",
"The original form of this breed, the British bulldog."
],
"links": [
[
"breed",
"breed"
],
[
"dog",
"dog"
],
[
"England",
"England"
],
[
"cross",
"cross"
],
[
"bullbaiting",
"bullbaiting"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
],
[
"coat",
"coat"
],
[
"flatten",
"flatten"
],
[
"wrinkly",
"wrinkly"
],
[
"cheek",
"cheek"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
],
[
"hind leg",
"hind leg"
],
[
"British bulldog",
"British bulldog"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We need a lawyer who will fight for our case, a real bulldog.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "His bulldog determination was destined to bring him the opportunity he was seeking.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A stubborn or determined person."
],
"links": [
[
"stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"determined",
"determined"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A refractory material used as a furnace lining, obtained by calcining the cinder or slag from the puddling furnace of a rolling mill."
],
"links": [
[
"refractory",
"refractory"
],
[
"material",
"material"
],
[
"furnace",
"furnace"
],
[
"lining",
"lining"
],
[
"calcining",
"calcine"
],
[
"cinder",
"cinder"
],
[
"slag",
"slag"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"Oxford University slang",
"en:Universities"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2019, Thomas Merton, Patrick F. O'Connell, Medieval Cistercian History (page lxxiii)",
"text": "[…] and was confronted by a “bulldog,” a proctor's assistant in charge of discipline, who asked if he was a member of the university since he wasn't wearing a gown, and he was able to say that he wasn't, […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One of the proctors' officers."
],
"links": [
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"proctor",
"proctor"
],
[
"officer",
"officer"
]
],
"qualifier": "Oxford University slang",
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, Oxford University slang) One of the proctors' officers."
],
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Professional wrestling"
],
"glosses": [
"Any move in which the wrestler grabs an opponent's head and jumps forward, so that the wrestler lands, often in a sitting position, and drives the opponent's face into the mat."
],
"links": [
[
"professional wrestling",
"professional wrestling"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(professional wrestling) Any move in which the wrestler grabs an opponent's head and jumps forward, so that the wrestler lands, often in a sitting position, and drives the opponent's face into the mat."
],
"topics": [
"government",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"martial-arts",
"military",
"politics",
"professional-wrestling",
"sports",
"war",
"wrestling"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"American English",
"en:Publishing"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1940, Citizen Kane (film)",
"text": "The bulldog's just gone to press."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bulldog edition."
],
"links": [
[
"publishing",
"publishing#Noun"
],
[
"bulldog edition",
"bulldog edition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(US, publishing) A bulldog edition."
],
"tags": [
"US"
],
"topics": [
"media",
"publishing"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any of various species of African freshwater fish in the genus Marcusenius, a type of elephantfish."
],
"links": [
[
"Marcusenius",
"Marcusenius#Translingual"
],
[
"elephantfish",
"elephantfish"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2008 08, Christ Kennedy, Two Sons Nelson, iUniverse, page 304",
"text": "\"... playing bulldog in the yard so I know you're fit enough to fight. Have you decided when you're coming back?”",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010 April 29, Bill Svelmoe, Spirits Eat Ripe Papaya, Wipf and Stock Publishers, page 138",
"text": "[…] playing bulldog on the plaza in front of the meeting hall.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Avril Brock, Pam Jarvis, Yinka Olusoga, Perspectives on Play: Learning for Life",
"text": "[…] playing bulldog, that game where you have two teams, one team runs and the other one catches. You have to run from […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018 June 14, Irvine Welsh, A.L. Kennedy, Meera Syal, John Niven, Pauline Melville, Daisy Buchanan, Christopher Brookmyre, Zoe Venditozzi, Nina Stibbe, Mike Gayle, Murray Lachlan Young, Barney Farmer, 24 Stories: of Hope for Survivors of the Grenfell Tower Fire, Random House",
"text": "Once Tyson skidded on some wet leaves when he and his friends were playing Bulldog in the park. As he lay on the ground they all laughed at him, even Ajay, and although he'd twisted his ankle, what hurt most was his pride.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The children's game of British Bulldog or Red Rover."
],
"links": [
[
"capitalized",
"capitalisation"
],
[
"Red Rover",
"Red Rover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, sometimes capitalized) The children's game of British Bulldog or Red Rover."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"capitalized",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɒɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɔɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "English bulldog"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "بلدغ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buldóg",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "булдо́г"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "牛頭犬"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "niútóuquǎn",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "牛头犬"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldok"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldogo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "bulldoggi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bouledogue"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Bulldogge"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "boulntógk",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "μπουλντόγκ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "buldog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "בולדוג"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldogo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bulldog"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "burudoggu",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "ブルドッグ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "buldok",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "불독"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "molossus"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldogas"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "buldog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "булдог"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "anjing bulldog"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bulldog"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldogue"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bulʹdóg",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бульдо́г"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "булдог"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "самсов"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "samsov"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bulldog"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dogo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bulldogg"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "buldog"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"word": "toradoeg"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "buldog",
"sense": "breed of dog",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "בולדאָג"
}
],
"word": "bulldog"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English compound terms",
"English countable nouns",
"English endocentric compounds",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:Dogs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bull",
"3": "dog"
},
"expansion": "bull + dog",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"etymology_text": "bull + dog, in reference to bullbaiting.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "bulldogs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bulldogging",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bulldogged",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bulldogged",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "++"
},
"expansion": "bulldog (third-person singular simple present bulldogs, present participle bulldogging, simple past and past participle bulldogged)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bull‧dog"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2019 March 6, Drachinifel, 14:01 from the start, in The Battle of Samar (Alternate History) - Bring on the Battleships!, archived from the original on 2022-07-20",
"text": "So to give you some idea, we had scenarios where Yamato came steaming over the horizon and just bulldogged its way straight through the American battleline, and the whole thing was done and dusted inside of an hour, with 18-inch shells just blowing apart anything in sight.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To force oneself (in a particular direction)."
],
"links": [
[
"force",
"force"
],
[
"oneself",
"oneself"
],
[
"direction",
"direction"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, often with into or through) To force oneself (in a particular direction)."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with into or through"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bull"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"often"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To chase (a steer) on horseback and wrestle it to the ground by twisting its horns (as a rodeo performance)."
],
"links": [
[
"chase",
"chase"
],
[
"steer",
"steer"
],
[
"horseback",
"horseback"
],
[
"wrestle",
"wrestle"
],
[
"ground",
"ground"
],
[
"twist",
"twist"
],
[
"horn",
"horn"
],
[
"rodeo",
"rodeo"
],
[
"performance",
"performance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To chase (a steer) on horseback and wrestle it to the ground by twisting its horns (as a rodeo performance)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɒɡ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɔɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbʊl.dɑɡ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bulldog.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "bulldog"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.