See bestial in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for bestial meaning in English (7.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bestial"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bestial",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "bestial"
},
"expansion": "Old French bestial",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "bēstiālis"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bēstia",
"4": "",
"5": "beast"
},
"expansion": "Latin bēstia (“beast”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "beast"
},
"expansion": "beast",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bestial, from Old French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis, from Latin bēstia (“beast”) (whence English beast).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more bestial",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most bestial",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bestial (comparative more bestial, superlative most bestial)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English pluralia tantum",
"parents": [
"Pluralia tantum",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bestiality"
},
{
"word": "bestialize"
},
{
"word": "bestialization"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1900 April, Willa Cather, “Eric Hermannson's Soul”, in Cosmopolitan",
"text": "His was a bestial face, a face that bore the stamp of Nature's eternal injustice.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 December 31, Matteo Wong, “Hollywood’s Love Affair With Fictional Languages”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "The Game of Thrones novels were best sellers without fleshed-out Dothraki; the languages in Star Wars, one of the most successful franchises ever, are mostly gibberish, even if Han Solo claims to understand Chewbacca’s bestial warbling.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Beast-like"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "faunal"
}
],
"id": "en-bestial-en-adj-feMKjFX1",
"links": [
[
"Beast",
"beast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literally and figuratively) Beast-like"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "beast"
},
{
"word": "bestiary"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "beastly"
},
{
"word": "animalian"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"literally"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "paśbik",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "পাশবিক"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "haẏōẇani",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "হায়ওয়ানী"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "životinski",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "животински"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zverski",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "зверски"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialsk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "dyrisk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "eläimellinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "petomainen"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "tierisch"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thēriṓdēs",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "θηριώδης"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "belluino"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bēluālis"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bēluīnus"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bēluus"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "dzīvniecisks"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialsk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialsk"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialski"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "bestialny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "animalic"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "skótskij",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "ско́тский"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "brùideil"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "animalesco"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "wäxşi",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "вәхши"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛs.ti.əl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛs.t͡ʃəl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbis.t͡ʃəl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-bestial.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "bestial"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco-smi",
"3": "bestiall"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots bestiall",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bestaile"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bestaile",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "bestaille"
},
"expansion": "Old French bestaille",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "bēstiālia"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "bestial"
},
"expansion": "Middle French bestial",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "bēstiālis"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Scots bestiall, from Middle English bestaile, from Old French bestaille, from Late Latin bēstiālia; later reinforced and remodelled on Middle French bestial, itself from Late Latin bēstiālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "p"
},
"expansion": "bestial pl (plural only)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1845, The New Statistical Account of Scotland: Forfar, Kincardine, page 94",
"text": "[…] much must depend upon the way in which bestial are bought or reared, and the state of the markets when they are sold.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cattle."
],
"id": "en-bestial-en-noun-en:cattle",
"links": [
[
"Cattle",
"cattle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland, obsolete) Cattle."
],
"senseid": [
"en:cattle"
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"obsolete",
"plural",
"plural-only"
]
}
],
"word": "bestial"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English pluralia tantum",
"English terms borrowed from Middle Scots",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Middle Scots",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bestiality"
},
{
"word": "bestialize"
},
{
"word": "bestialization"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bestial"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bestial",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "bestial"
},
"expansion": "Old French bestial",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "bēstiālis"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "bēstia",
"4": "",
"5": "beast"
},
"expansion": "Latin bēstia (“beast”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "beast"
},
"expansion": "beast",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bestial, from Old French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis, from Latin bēstia (“beast”) (whence English beast).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more bestial",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most bestial",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "bestial (comparative more bestial, superlative most bestial)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "faunal"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "beast"
},
{
"word": "bestiary"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1900 April, Willa Cather, “Eric Hermannson's Soul”, in Cosmopolitan",
"text": "His was a bestial face, a face that bore the stamp of Nature's eternal injustice.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 December 31, Matteo Wong, “Hollywood’s Love Affair With Fictional Languages”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "The Game of Thrones novels were best sellers without fleshed-out Dothraki; the languages in Star Wars, one of the most successful franchises ever, are mostly gibberish, even if Han Solo claims to understand Chewbacca’s bestial warbling.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Beast-like"
],
"links": [
[
"Beast",
"beast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literally and figuratively) Beast-like"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"literally"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛs.ti.əl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɛs.t͡ʃəl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbis.t͡ʃəl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-bestial.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-bestial.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "beastly"
},
{
"word": "animalian"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "paśbik",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "পাশবিক"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "haẏōẇani",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "হায়ওয়ানী"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "životinski",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "животински"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zverski",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "зверски"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialsk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "dyrisk"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "eläimellinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "petomainen"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "tierisch"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thēriṓdēs",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "θηριώδης"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "belluino"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bēluālis"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bēluīnus"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bēluus"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "dzīvniecisks"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialsk"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialsk"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestialski"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "bestialny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "animalic"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "skótskij",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "ско́тский"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "brùideil"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "bestial"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "animalesco"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "wäxşi",
"sense": "beast-like",
"word": "вәхши"
}
],
"word": "bestial"
}
{
"categories": [
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English pluralia tantum",
"English terms borrowed from Middle Scots",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Middle Scots",
"English terms derived from Old French"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco-smi",
"3": "bestiall"
},
"expansion": "Middle Scots bestiall",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bestaile"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bestaile",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "bestaille"
},
"expansion": "Old French bestaille",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "bēstiālia"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "bestial"
},
"expansion": "Middle French bestial",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "bēstiālis"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Scots bestiall, from Middle English bestaile, from Old French bestaille, from Late Latin bēstiālia; later reinforced and remodelled on Middle French bestial, itself from Late Latin bēstiālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "p"
},
"expansion": "bestial pl (plural only)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Scottish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1845, The New Statistical Account of Scotland: Forfar, Kincardine, page 94",
"text": "[…] much must depend upon the way in which bestial are bought or reared, and the state of the markets when they are sold.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cattle."
],
"links": [
[
"Cattle",
"cattle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Scotland, obsolete) Cattle."
],
"senseid": [
"en:cattle"
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"obsolete",
"plural",
"plural-only"
]
}
],
"word": "bestial"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-01 using wiktextract (0b52755 and 5cb0836). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.