"back-formation" meaning in English

See back-formation in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

Forms: back-formations [plural]
Etymology: Coined by Scottish lexicographer and philologist James Murray in 1889; from back- + formation. Etymology templates: {{coin|en|James Murray|in=1889|nat=Scottish|occ=lexicographer|occ2=philologist|w=James Murray (lexicographer)}} Coined by Scottish lexicographer and philologist James Murray in 1889, {{pre|en|back-|formation}} back- + formation Head templates: {{en-noun|~}} back-formation (countable and uncountable, plural back-formations)
  1. (uncountable, linguistics) The process by which a new word is formed from an older word by interpreting the former as a derivative of the latter, often by removing a morpheme (real or perceived) from the older word, such as the verb burgle, formed by removing -ar (perceived as an agent-noun suffix) from burglar. Tags: uncountable Categories (topical): Linguistics Translations (linguistic process): اشْتِقَاق عَكْسِيّ (ištiqāq ʕaksiyy) [masculine] (Arabic), subtraktionsdannelse [common-gender] (Danish), terugvorming (Dutch), retrodeveno (Esperanto), takaperoisjohto (Finnish), dérivation inverse [feminine] (French), rétroformation [feminine] (French), Rückbildung [feminine] (German), αναδρομικός σχηματισμός (anadromikós schimatismós) [masculine] (Greek), גזירה לאחור (Hebrew), elvonás (Hungarian), szóelvonás (Hungarian), retroformazione (Italian), 逆成 (gyakusei) (alt: ぎゃくせい) (Japanese), tilbakedannelse [masculine] (Norwegian Bokmål), tilbakedanning [common-gender] (Norwegian Bokmål), derywacja wsteczna [feminine] (Polish), derivação regressiva [feminine] (Portuguese), derivare regresivă [feminine] (Romanian), обра́тное словообразова́ние (obrátnoje slovoobrazovánije) [neuter] (Russian), derivación regresiva [feminine] (Spanish), omvänd ordbildning (Swedish), phái sinh ngược (Vietnamese), ôl-ffurfiad [masculine] (Welsh) Translations (word formed by this linguistic process): مُشْتَقَّة عَكْسِيًّا (alt: muštaqqa(t) ʕaksiyyan) [feminine] (Arabic), subtraktionsdannelse [common-gender] (Danish), takaperoisjohdos (Finnish), elvonás (Hungarian), tilbakedannelse [masculine] (Norwegian Bokmål), tilbakedanning [common-gender] (Norwegian Bokmål), derivado regresivo [masculine] (Spanish), ôl-ffurf [feminine] (Welsh)
    Sense id: en-back-formation-en-noun-8EbIkGf8 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms prefixed with back-, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hebrew translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Vietnamese translations, Terms with Welsh translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 68 32 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with back-: 50 50 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 62 38 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 66 34 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 66 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 67 33 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 71 29 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 59 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 64 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 66 34 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 61 39 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 62 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 64 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Hebrew translations: 67 33 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 72 28 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 63 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 63 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 66 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 64 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 68 32 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 66 34 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 63 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 64 36 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 68 32 Disambiguation of Terms with Vietnamese translations: 68 32 Disambiguation of Terms with Welsh translations: 60 40 Topics: human-sciences, linguistics, sciences Disambiguation of 'linguistic process': 100 0 Disambiguation of 'word formed by this linguistic process': 60 40
  2. (countable) A word created in this way. Tags: countable Synonyms: back-form
    Sense id: en-back-formation-en-noun-ya0RywDV Categories (other): English terms prefixed with back- Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with back-: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: backformation, back formation Derived forms: back-form Related terms: disfixation

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

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        "The process by which a new word is formed from an older word by interpreting the former as a derivative of the latter, often by removing a morpheme (real or perceived) from the older word, such as the verb burgle, formed by removing -ar (perceived as an agent-noun suffix) from burglar."
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          "agent noun"
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          "suffix"
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          "burglar",
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          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ištiqāq ʕaksiyy",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "اشْتِقَاق عَكْسِيّ"
        },
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          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
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            "common-gender"
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          "word": "subtraktionsdannelse"
        },
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "terugvorming"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "retrodeveno"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "takaperoisjohto"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "note": "dérivation régressive f",
          "sense": "linguistic process"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
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          "word": "dérivation inverse"
        },
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "rétroformation"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Rückbildung"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "anadromikós schimatismós",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "αναδρομικός σχηματισμός"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "גזירה לאחור"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "elvonás"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "szóelvonás"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "retroformazione"
        },
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          "alt": "ぎゃくせい",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "gyakusei",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "逆成"
        },
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
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          ],
          "word": "tilbakedannelse"
        },
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          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
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          "word": "tilbakedanning"
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          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
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          "word": "derywacja wsteczna"
        },
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
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          "word": "derivação regressiva"
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
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          "word": "derivare regresivă"
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "obrátnoje slovoobrazovánije",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "обра́тное словообразова́ние"
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          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
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          "word": "derivación regresiva"
        },
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "omvänd ordbildning"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "linguistic process",
          "word": "phái sinh ngược"
        },
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          "_dis1": "100 0",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
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          "word": "ôl-ffurfiad"
        },
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          "_dis1": "60 40",
          "alt": "muštaqqa(t) ʕaksiyyan",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "مُشْتَقَّة عَكْسِيًّا"
        },
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          "_dis1": "60 40",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
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          "word": "subtraktionsdannelse"
        },
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          "_dis1": "60 40",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
          "word": "takaperoisjohdos"
        },
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          "_dis1": "60 40",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
          "word": "elvonás"
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          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
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          "word": "tilbakedannelse"
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          "word": "tilbakedanning"
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          "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
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          "word": "derivado regresivo"
        },
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          "code": "cy",
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          "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
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          "word": "ôl-ffurf"
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          "burglar"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(uncountable, linguistics) The process by which a new word is formed from an older word by interpreting the former as a derivative of the latter, often by removing a morpheme (real or perceived) from the older word, such as the verb burgle, formed by removing -ar (perceived as an agent-noun suffix) from burglar."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English countable nouns",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Back-formations, such as \"tambour\" (for \"play the tambourine\"), are a staple of comedic wordplay.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A word created in this way."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(countable) A word created in this way."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "back-form"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "backformation"
    },
    {
      "word": "back formation"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ištiqāq ʕaksiyy",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "اشْتِقَاق عَكْسِيّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "subtraktionsdannelse"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "terugvorming"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "retrodeveno"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "takaperoisjohto"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "note": "dérivation régressive f",
      "sense": "linguistic process"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "dérivation inverse"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "rétroformation"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Rückbildung"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "anadromikós schimatismós",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "αναδρομικός σχηματισμός"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "גזירה לאחור"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "elvonás"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "szóelvonás"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "retroformazione"
    },
    {
      "alt": "ぎゃくせい",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "gyakusei",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "逆成"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "tilbakedannelse"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "tilbakedanning"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "derywacja wsteczna"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "derivação regressiva"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "derivare regresivă"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "obrátnoje slovoobrazovánije",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "обра́тное словообразова́ние"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "derivación regresiva"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "omvänd ordbildning"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "word": "phái sinh ngược"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ôl-ffurfiad"
    },
    {
      "alt": "muštaqqa(t) ʕaksiyyan",
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "مُشْتَقَّة عَكْسِيًّا"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "subtraktionsdannelse"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "word": "takaperoisjohdos"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "word": "elvonás"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "tilbakedannelse"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "tilbakedanning"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "derivado regresivo"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "word formed by this linguistic process",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ôl-ffurf"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "back-formation"
  ],
  "word": "back-formation"
}

Download raw JSONL data for back-formation meaning in English (7.3kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.