"amity" meaning in English

See amity in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈæmɪti/ [US], [ˈɛəmɪɾi] [US] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-amity.wav [US] Forms: amities [plural]
enPR: ăm′ĭ-tē Etymology: From Middle English amite, from Old French amisté, amitie, amistiet, from Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, derived from Latin amīcus (“friend”), from amō (“love”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|amite}} Middle English amite, {{der|en|fro|amisté}} Old French amisté, {{der|en|la-vul|*amicitas|*amīcitātem}} Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, {{der|en|la|amīcus|t=friend}} Latin amīcus (“friend”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} amity (plural amities)
  1. (formal, literary) Friendship; friendliness. Tags: formal, literary Coordinate_terms: frenemyship, rivalry Translations (friendship): приятелство (prijatelstvo) (Bulgarian), разбирателство (razbiratelstvo) (Bulgarian), přátelství [neuter] (Czech), přátelské vztahy (Czech), venskab [neuter] (Danish), ystävyys (Finnish), amitié [feminine] (French), amizade [feminine] (Galician), मैत्री (maitrī) [feminine] (Hindi), मित्रता (mitratā) (Hindi), बंधुत्व (bandhutva) [masculine] (Hindi), amicizia [feminine] (Italian), 友好 (yūkō) (Japanese), 親睦 (shimboku) (Japanese), 友誼 (yūgi) (Japanese), przyjaźń [feminine] (Polish), drużba [feminine, obsolete] (Polish), amizade [feminine] (Portuguese), дру́жба (drúžba) [feminine] (Russian), amistad [feminine] (Spanish), freonskip [common-gender] (West-Frisian)
    Sense id: en-amity-en-noun-en:friendship Categories (other): Terms with West Frisian translations Disambiguation of Terms with West Frisian translations: 47 53 Disambiguation of 'friendship': 92 8
  2. Mutual understanding and a peaceful relationship, especially between nations. Synonyms: accord, concord, harmony, peace, peacefulness
    Sense id: en-amity-en-noun-gncvN3Zp Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with West Frisian translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 5 95 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 7 93 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 17 83 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 14 86 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 10 90 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 25 75 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 13 87 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 11 89 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 11 89 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 21 79 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 9 91 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 24 76 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 8 92 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 5 95 Disambiguation of Terms with West Frisian translations: 47 53
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: Amityville Related terms: amiable, amicable, amorous

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "Amityville"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "amite"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English amite",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "amisté"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French amisté",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la-vul",
        "3": "*amicitas",
        "4": "*amīcitātem"
      },
      "expansion": "Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "amīcus",
        "t": "friend"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin amīcus (“friend”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English amite, from Old French amisté, amitie, amistiet, from Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, derived from Latin amīcus (“friend”), from amō (“love”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "amities",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "amity (plural amities)",
      "name": "en-noun"
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  "hyphenations": [
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      "parts": [
        "am",
        "i",
        "ty"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "amiable"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "amicable"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "amorous"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "enmity"
        },
        {
          "word": "hostility"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyship"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyhood"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "47 53",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "coordinate_terms": [
        {
          "word": "frenemyship"
        },
        {
          "word": "rivalry"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              146,
              151
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1922, Thomas Hardy, “Welcome Home”, in Lyrics Late and Earlier:",
          "text": "To my native place ¶ Bent upon returning, ¶ Bosom all day burning ¶ To be where my race ¶ Well were known, 'twas much with me ¶ There to dwell in amity.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Friendship; friendliness."
      ],
      "id": "en-amity-en-noun-en:friendship",
      "links": [
        [
          "Friendship",
          "friendship#English"
        ],
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          "friendliness",
          "friendliness"
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        "(formal, literary) Friendship; friendliness."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:friendship"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "literary"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "prijatelstvo",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "приятелство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "razbiratelstvo",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "разбирателство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "přátelství"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "přátelské vztahy"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "lang_code": "da",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "venskab"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "ystävyys"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "amitié"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "fy",
          "lang": "West-Frisian",
          "lang_code": "fy",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "freonskip"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "amizade"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "lang_code": "hi",
          "roman": "maitrī",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "मैत्री"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "lang_code": "hi",
          "roman": "mitratā",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "मित्रता"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "lang_code": "hi",
          "roman": "bandhutva",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "बंधुत्व"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "amicizia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "yūkō",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "友好"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "shimboku",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "親睦"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "lang_code": "ja",
          "roman": "yūgi",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "word": "友誼"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "przyjaźń"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "obsolete"
          ],
          "word": "drużba"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "amizade"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "drúžba",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "дру́жба"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "92 8",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "sense": "friendship",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "amistad"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "enmity"
        },
        {
          "word": "hostility"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyship"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyhood"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "5 95",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 93",
          "kind": "other",
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        {
          "_dis": "17 83",
          "kind": "other",
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        {
          "_dis": "14 86",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 90",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "25 75",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Czech translations",
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        {
          "_dis": "13 87",
          "kind": "other",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "11 89",
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        {
          "_dis": "8 92",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "11 89",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Galician translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 79",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 92",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Italian translations",
          "parents": [],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 92",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 91",
          "kind": "other",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "24 76",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 92",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 95",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "47 53",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Near-synonyms: accord, concord, harmony, peace, peacefulness"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Mutual understanding and a peaceful relationship, especially between nations."
      ],
      "id": "en-amity-en-noun-gncvN3Zp",
      "links": [
        [
          "Mutual",
          "mutual#English"
        ],
        [
          "understanding",
          "understanding"
        ],
        [
          "peaceful",
          "peaceful"
        ],
        [
          "relationship",
          "relationship"
        ],
        [
          "nation",
          "nation"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "accord"
        },
        {
          "word": "concord"
        },
        {
          "word": "harmony"
        },
        {
          "word": "peace"
        },
        {
          "word": "peacefulness"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "enpr": "ăm′ĭ-tē"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæmɪti/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈɛəmɪɾi]",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vininn126-amity.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-amity.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vininn126-amity.wav.mp3",
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      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "amity"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with Hindi translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with West Frisian translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "Amityville"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "amite"
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      "expansion": "Middle English amite",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "amisté"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French amisté",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la-vul",
        "3": "*amicitas",
        "4": "*amīcitātem"
      },
      "expansion": "Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "amīcus",
        "t": "friend"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin amīcus (“friend”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English amite, from Old French amisté, amitie, amistiet, from Vulgar Latin *amīcitātem, derived from Latin amīcus (“friend”), from amō (“love”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "amities",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "amity (plural amities)",
      "name": "en-noun"
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    {
      "parts": [
        "am",
        "i",
        "ty"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "amiable"
    },
    {
      "word": "amicable"
    },
    {
      "word": "amorous"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "enmity"
        },
        {
          "word": "hostility"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyship"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyhood"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "English formal terms",
        "English literary terms",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "coordinate_terms": [
        {
          "word": "frenemyship"
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        {
          "word": "rivalry"
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      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              146,
              151
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "1922, Thomas Hardy, “Welcome Home”, in Lyrics Late and Earlier:",
          "text": "To my native place ¶ Bent upon returning, ¶ Bosom all day burning ¶ To be where my race ¶ Well were known, 'twas much with me ¶ There to dwell in amity.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Friendship; friendliness."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Friendship",
          "friendship#English"
        ],
        [
          "friendliness",
          "friendliness"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal, literary) Friendship; friendliness."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:friendship"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "enmity"
        },
        {
          "word": "hostility"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyship"
        },
        {
          "word": "enemyhood"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Near-synonyms: accord, concord, harmony, peace, peacefulness"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Mutual understanding and a peaceful relationship, especially between nations."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Mutual",
          "mutual#English"
        ],
        [
          "understanding",
          "understanding"
        ],
        [
          "peaceful",
          "peaceful"
        ],
        [
          "relationship",
          "relationship"
        ],
        [
          "nation",
          "nation"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "accord"
        },
        {
          "word": "concord"
        },
        {
          "word": "harmony"
        },
        {
          "word": "peace"
        },
        {
          "word": "peacefulness"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "enpr": "ăm′ĭ-tē"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈæmɪti/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ˈɛəmɪɾi]",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
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      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "prijatelstvo",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "приятелство"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "razbiratelstvo",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "разбирателство"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "přátelství"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "přátelské vztahy"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "lang_code": "da",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "venskab"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "ystävyys"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "amitié"
    },
    {
      "code": "fy",
      "lang": "West-Frisian",
      "lang_code": "fy",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "freonskip"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "lang_code": "gl",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "amizade"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "lang_code": "hi",
      "roman": "maitrī",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "मैत्री"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "lang_code": "hi",
      "roman": "mitratā",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "मित्रता"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "lang_code": "hi",
      "roman": "bandhutva",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "बंधुत्व"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "amicizia"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "yūkō",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "友好"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "shimboku",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "親睦"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "roman": "yūgi",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "word": "友誼"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "przyjaźń"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "drużba"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "amizade"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "drúžba",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "дру́жба"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "friendship",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "amistad"
    }
  ],
  "word": "amity"
}

Download raw JSONL data for amity meaning in English (6.4kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.