See Hobbesian in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Hobbes",
"3": "ian",
"pos1": "a surname"
},
"expansion": "Hobbes (a surname) + -ian",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Hobbes (a surname) + -ian; referring to the 17th century English author Thomas Hobbes, whose best-known work, Leviathan, describes the state of nature in terms of unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more Hobbesian",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most Hobbesian",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Hobbesian (comparative more Hobbesian, superlative most Hobbesian)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "en:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a Hobbesian theory of the state",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of, relating to, or influenced by Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories."
],
"id": "en-Hobbesian-en-adj-uQcCCRj4",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) Of, relating to, or influenced by Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hobbist"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "Hobbish"
}
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "hobbesovský"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "hobbesien"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "Hobbessch"
},
{
"_dis1": "93 7",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "hobbesiano"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 55 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 60 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ian",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 61 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 54 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 59 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 49 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 66 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 63 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 50 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a cutthroat, Hobbesian environment",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Fred Pfeil, White Guys: Studies in Postmodern Domination and Difference, →ISBN, page 150:",
"text": "In Hammett's writings, the social is constructed as a vast Hobbesian landscape of grim functionaries and desperate scrabblers […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 February 22, Mike Isaac, “Inside Uber’s Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture”, in New York Times:",
"text": "Yet the focus on pushing for the best result has also fueled what current and former Uber employees describe as a Hobbesian environment at the company, in which workers are sometimes pitted against one another and where a blind eye is turned to infractions from top performers.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Involving unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition."
],
"id": "en-Hobbesian-en-adj-yrir1dJH",
"links": [
[
"unrestrained",
"unrestrained"
],
[
"selfish",
"selfish"
],
[
"uncivilized",
"uncivilized"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Involving unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Hobbian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Hobbsian"
}
],
"word": "Hobbesian"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Hobbes",
"3": "ian",
"pos1": "a surname"
},
"expansion": "Hobbes (a surname) + -ian",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Hobbes (a surname) + -ian; referring to the 17th century English author Thomas Hobbes, whose best-known work, Leviathan, describes the state of nature in terms of unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Hobbesians",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Hobbesian (plural Hobbesians)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "en:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2019, François Bonnet, The Upper Limit: How Low-Wage Work Defines Punishment and Welfare, →ISBN, page 120:",
"text": "Hobbesians purport to describe social order as it is: a constant, iron-fisted effort to crush enemies and to incapacitate criminals.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A follower of the theories of Thomas Hobbes."
],
"id": "en-Hobbesian-en-noun-KcyE7FoQ",
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) A follower of the theories of Thomas Hobbes."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hobbist"
}
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Hobbian"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Hobbsian"
}
],
"word": "Hobbesian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English eponyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -ian",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Hobbes",
"3": "ian",
"pos1": "a surname"
},
"expansion": "Hobbes (a surname) + -ian",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Hobbes (a surname) + -ian; referring to the 17th century English author Thomas Hobbes, whose best-known work, Leviathan, describes the state of nature in terms of unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more Hobbesian",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most Hobbesian",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Hobbesian (comparative more Hobbesian, superlative most Hobbesian)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a Hobbesian theory of the state",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of, relating to, or influenced by Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories."
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) Of, relating to, or influenced by Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hobbist"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "Hobbish"
}
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a cutthroat, Hobbesian environment",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Fred Pfeil, White Guys: Studies in Postmodern Domination and Difference, →ISBN, page 150:",
"text": "In Hammett's writings, the social is constructed as a vast Hobbesian landscape of grim functionaries and desperate scrabblers […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2017 February 22, Mike Isaac, “Inside Uber’s Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture”, in New York Times:",
"text": "Yet the focus on pushing for the best result has also fueled what current and former Uber employees describe as a Hobbesian environment at the company, in which workers are sometimes pitted against one another and where a blind eye is turned to infractions from top performers.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Involving unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition."
],
"links": [
[
"unrestrained",
"unrestrained"
],
[
"selfish",
"selfish"
],
[
"uncivilized",
"uncivilized"
],
[
"competition",
"competition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Involving unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hobbian"
},
{
"word": "Hobbsian"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "hobbesovský"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "hobbesien"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "Hobbessch"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "relating to Thomas Hobbes or his philosophical theories",
"word": "hobbesiano"
}
],
"word": "Hobbesian"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English eponyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -ian",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Hobbes",
"3": "ian",
"pos1": "a surname"
},
"expansion": "Hobbes (a surname) + -ian",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Hobbes (a surname) + -ian; referring to the 17th century English author Thomas Hobbes, whose best-known work, Leviathan, describes the state of nature in terms of unrestrained, selfish, and uncivilized competition.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Hobbesians",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Hobbesian (plural Hobbesians)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2019, François Bonnet, The Upper Limit: How Low-Wage Work Defines Punishment and Welfare, →ISBN, page 120:",
"text": "Hobbesians purport to describe social order as it is: a constant, iron-fisted effort to crush enemies and to incapacitate criminals.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A follower of the theories of Thomas Hobbes."
],
"links": [
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(philosophy) A follower of the theories of Thomas Hobbes."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hobbist"
}
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Hobbian"
},
{
"word": "Hobbsian"
}
],
"word": "Hobbesian"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Hobbesian meaning in English (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.