See 封建 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 封建 meaning in Chinese (15.0kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "昔 ^周-公 弔 二-叔 之 不-鹹，故 封建 親戚 以 蕃-屏 ^周。",
"2": "Formerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"collapsed": "yes",
"ref": "Zuozhuan"
},
"expansion": "昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"name": "zh-x"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Zuozhuan:\n*\n昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "封建",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 15 39",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "zh:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "bànfēngjiàn",
"word": "半封建"
},
{
"roman": "fǎnfēngjiàn",
"word": "反封建"
},
{
"word": "封土建國"
},
{
"word": "封土建国"
},
{
"word": "封地建國"
},
{
"word": "封地建国"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"word": "封建主義"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"word": "封建主义"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiànzhì",
"word": "封建制"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhìdù",
"word": "封建制度"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn gējù",
"word": "封建割據"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn gējù",
"word": "封建割据"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiànhuà",
"word": "封建化"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"word": "封建社會"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"word": "封建社会"
},
{
"word": "封邦建國"
},
{
"word": "封邦建国"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "feudal polity",
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhèngtǐ",
"text": "封建政體／封建政体",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They enfeoffed a multitude, not because of any personal interest in worthies, but because this was the most convenient way to exercise control and keep their majesty intact, as well as the way to extend the rule of justice.",
"ref": "眾封建，非以私賢也，所以便勢全威，所以博義。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
"text": "众封建，非以私贤也，所以便势全威，所以博义。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE\nZhòng fēngjiàn, fēi yǐ sī xián yě, suǒyǐ biàn shì quán wēi, suǒyǐ bó yì. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Even if the Sages and Worthies lived during this period, they would also be unable to establish themselves within the Realm, invested lords would instead do this. How can the system of the Sages' own design bring about this problem? I emphatically say, 'It was not designed by the Sages, but merely by circumstance.'",
"ref": "聖賢生於其時，（亦）無以立於天下，封建者為之也。豈聖人之制使至於是乎？吾固曰：「非聖人之意也，勢也。」 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "圣贤生于其时，（亦）无以立于天下，封建者为之也。岂圣人之制使至于是乎？吾固曰：「非圣人之意也，势也。」 [MSC, simp.]\nFrom: Liu Zongyuan,《封建論》On Investiture, 9th century CE (translated by Nolan Bensen)\nShèngxián shēng yú qíshí, (yì) wú yǐ lì yú tiānxià, fēngjiàn zhě wèi zhī yě. Qǐ shèngrén zhī zhì shǐ zhì yúshì hū? Wú gù yuē: “Fēi shèngrén zhī yì yě, shì yě.” [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fengjian (a system of enfeoffment in ancient China); (by extension) feudalism; European feudalism"
],
"id": "en-封建-zh-noun-6YbV7IB4",
"links": [
[
"system",
"system#English"
],
[
"enfeoffment",
"enfeoffment#English"
],
[
"ancient",
"ancient#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
],
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"European",
"European"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) fengjian (a system of enfeoffment in ancient China); (by extension) feudalism; European feudalism"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a concept"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建主義"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a concept"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建主义"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiànzhì",
"word": "封建制"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhìdù",
"word": "封建制度"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a society"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建社會"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a society"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建社会"
}
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong¹ giang⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fongjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "fêng¹-chien⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fēng-jyàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fengjiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "фэнцзянь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "fɛnczjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fūng gin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hongkiexn"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong kiăng"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "fon^平 ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ji"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cai Shu Du",
"Duke of Zhou",
"Guan Shu Xian",
"Zuozhuan"
],
"word": "封建"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "昔 ^周-公 弔 二-叔 之 不-鹹，故 封建 親戚 以 蕃-屏 ^周。",
"2": "Formerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"collapsed": "yes",
"ref": "Zuozhuan"
},
"expansion": "昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"name": "zh-x"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Zuozhuan:\n*\n昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "封建",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 17 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 15 39",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "zh:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "feudalistic and superstitious (things)",
"roman": "fēngjiàn míxìn",
"text": "封建迷信",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The novel reflects the decline of a feudal family.",
"ref": "這部小說反映了一個封建家庭的敗落。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "这部小说反映了一个封建家庭的败落。 [MSC, simp.]\nZhè bù xiǎoshuō fǎnyìng le yī ge fēngjiàn jiātíng de bàiluò. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feudal; feudalistic"
],
"id": "en-封建-zh-adj-o0RX2IsR",
"links": [
[
"feudal",
"feudal"
],
[
"feudalistic",
"feudalistic"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 56 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Elementary Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 15 39",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "zh:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stuffy; conservative; old-fashioned"
],
"id": "en-封建-zh-adj-ieW0D8Gz",
"links": [
[
"stuffy",
"stuffy"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative"
],
[
"old-fashioned",
"old-fashioned"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong¹ giang⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fongjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "fêng¹-chien⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fēng-jyàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fengjiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "фэнцзянь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "fɛnczjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fūng gin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hongkiexn"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong kiăng"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "fon^平 ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ji"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gǔbǎn",
"word": "古板"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "lǎoshì",
"word": "老式"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hakka"
],
"word": "老時"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hakka"
],
"word": "老时"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "Central Plains Mandarin",
"roman": "bèishí",
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jin",
"Wu"
],
"word": "背時"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "Central Plains Mandarin",
"roman": "bèishí",
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jin",
"Wu"
],
"word": "背时"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "舊落咆"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "旧落咆"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "舊落落"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "旧落落"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yūfǔ",
"word": "迂腐"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "退時"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "退时"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "guòshí",
"word": "過時"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "guòshí",
"word": "过时"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chén",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "陳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chén",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "陈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chénfǔ",
"word": "陳腐"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chénfǔ",
"word": "陈腐"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chénjiù",
"word": "陳舊"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chénjiù",
"word": "陈旧"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cai Shu Du",
"Duke of Zhou",
"Guan Shu Xian",
"Zuozhuan"
],
"word": "封建"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"zh:Feudalism"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "bànfēngjiàn",
"word": "半封建"
},
{
"roman": "fǎnfēngjiàn",
"word": "反封建"
},
{
"word": "封土建國"
},
{
"word": "封土建国"
},
{
"word": "封地建國"
},
{
"word": "封地建国"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"word": "封建主義"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"word": "封建主义"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiànzhì",
"word": "封建制"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhìdù",
"word": "封建制度"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn gējù",
"word": "封建割據"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn gējù",
"word": "封建割据"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiànhuà",
"word": "封建化"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"word": "封建社會"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"word": "封建社会"
},
{
"word": "封邦建國"
},
{
"word": "封邦建国"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "昔 ^周-公 弔 二-叔 之 不-鹹，故 封建 親戚 以 蕃-屏 ^周。",
"2": "Formerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"collapsed": "yes",
"ref": "Zuozhuan"
},
"expansion": "昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"name": "zh-x"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Zuozhuan:\n*\n昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "封建",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
"Mandarin terms with quotations",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "feudal polity",
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhèngtǐ",
"text": "封建政體／封建政体",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "They enfeoffed a multitude, not because of any personal interest in worthies, but because this was the most convenient way to exercise control and keep their majesty intact, as well as the way to extend the rule of justice.",
"ref": "眾封建，非以私賢也，所以便勢全威，所以博義。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
"text": "众封建，非以私贤也，所以便势全威，所以博义。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE\nZhòng fēngjiàn, fēi yǐ sī xián yě, suǒyǐ biàn shì quán wēi, suǒyǐ bó yì. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Even if the Sages and Worthies lived during this period, they would also be unable to establish themselves within the Realm, invested lords would instead do this. How can the system of the Sages' own design bring about this problem? I emphatically say, 'It was not designed by the Sages, but merely by circumstance.'",
"ref": "聖賢生於其時，（亦）無以立於天下，封建者為之也。豈聖人之制使至於是乎？吾固曰：「非聖人之意也，勢也。」 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "圣贤生于其时，（亦）无以立于天下，封建者为之也。岂圣人之制使至于是乎？吾固曰：「非圣人之意也，势也。」 [MSC, simp.]\nFrom: Liu Zongyuan,《封建論》On Investiture, 9th century CE (translated by Nolan Bensen)\nShèngxián shēng yú qíshí, (yì) wú yǐ lì yú tiānxià, fēngjiàn zhě wèi zhī yě. Qǐ shèngrén zhī zhì shǐ zhì yúshì hū? Wú gù yuē: “Fēi shèngrén zhī yì yě, shì yě.” [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fengjian (a system of enfeoffment in ancient China); (by extension) feudalism; European feudalism"
],
"links": [
[
"system",
"system#English"
],
[
"enfeoffment",
"enfeoffment#English"
],
[
"ancient",
"ancient#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
],
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"European",
"European"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) fengjian (a system of enfeoffment in ancient China); (by extension) feudalism; European feudalism"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong¹ giang⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fongjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "fêng¹-chien⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fēng-jyàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fengjiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "фэнцзянь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "fɛnczjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fūng gin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hongkiexn"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong kiăng"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "fon^平 ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ji"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a concept"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建主義"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a concept"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhǔyì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建主义"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiànzhì",
"word": "封建制"
},
{
"roman": "fēngjiàn zhìdù",
"word": "封建制度"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a society"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建社會"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"as a society"
],
"roman": "fēngjiàn shèhuì",
"tags": [
"especially"
],
"word": "封建社会"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cai Shu Du",
"Duke of Zhou",
"Guan Shu Xian",
"Zuozhuan"
],
"word": "封建"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Elementary Mandarin",
"zh:Feudalism"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "昔 ^周-公 弔 二-叔 之 不-鹹，故 封建 親戚 以 蕃-屏 ^周。",
"2": "Formerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"collapsed": "yes",
"ref": "Zuozhuan"
},
"expansion": "昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"name": "zh-x"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Zuozhuan:\n*\n昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE\nXī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu. [Pinyin]\nFormerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that the two younger brothers (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed (\"封\" fēng) and established (\"建\" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "封建",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "feudalistic and superstitious (things)",
"roman": "fēngjiàn míxìn",
"text": "封建迷信",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The novel reflects the decline of a feudal family.",
"ref": "這部小說反映了一個封建家庭的敗落。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "这部小说反映了一个封建家庭的败落。 [MSC, simp.]\nZhè bù xiǎoshuō fǎnyìng le yī ge fēngjiàn jiātíng de bàiluò. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feudal; feudalistic"
],
"links": [
[
"feudal",
"feudal"
],
[
"feudalistic",
"feudalistic"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"stuffy; conservative; old-fashioned"
],
"links": [
[
"stuffy",
"stuffy"
],
[
"conservative",
"conservative"
],
[
"old-fashioned",
"old-fashioned"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄢˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong¹ giang⁶"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fēngjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fongjiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "fêng¹-chien⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fēng-jyàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "fengjiann"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "фэнцзянь"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "fɛnczjanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "fūng gin"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "fung¹ gin³"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "hong-kiàn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "hongkiexn"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "hong kiăng"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "fon^平 ci"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹fon-ji"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ³³ kiɛn⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɛn²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hoŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/foŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi²¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "gǔbǎn",
"word": "古板"
},
{
"roman": "lǎoshì",
"word": "老式"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka"
],
"word": "老時"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka"
],
"word": "老时"
},
{
"english": "Central Plains Mandarin",
"roman": "bèishí",
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jin",
"Wu"
],
"word": "背時"
},
{
"english": "Central Plains Mandarin",
"roman": "bèishí",
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jin",
"Wu"
],
"word": "背时"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "舊落咆"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "旧落咆"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "舊落落"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "旧落落"
},
{
"roman": "yūfǔ",
"word": "迂腐"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "退時"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "退时"
},
{
"roman": "guòshí",
"word": "過時"
},
{
"roman": "guòshí",
"word": "过时"
},
{
"roman": "chén",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "陳"
},
{
"roman": "chén",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "陈"
},
{
"roman": "chénfǔ",
"word": "陳腐"
},
{
"roman": "chénfǔ",
"word": "陈腐"
},
{
"roman": "chénjiù",
"word": "陳舊"
},
{
"roman": "chénjiù",
"word": "陈旧"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cai Shu Du",
"Duke of Zhou",
"Guan Shu Xian",
"Zuozhuan"
],
"word": "封建"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.