See πνεῦμα in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "pneûmătikós",
"word": "πνεῦμᾰτικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "pneumátion",
"word": "πνευμάτιον"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "pneumátios",
"word": "πνευμάτιος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "pneumatóō",
"word": "πνευματόω"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "pneumatṓdēs",
"word": "πνευματώδης"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cop",
"2": "ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ"
},
"expansion": "Coptic: ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ (pneuma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Coptic: ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ (pneuma)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πνεύμα"
},
"expansion": "Greek: πνεύμα (pnévma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: πνεύμα (pnévma)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pneuma"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pneuma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pneuma"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*pnéwmn̥>breath",
"id": "air",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pnew-\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥\nAncient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma)",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pnéwmn̥"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "",
"3": "-μα",
"pos2": "result noun suffix"
},
"expansion": "+ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pnew-\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥\nAncient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma)\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥, equivalent to πνευ- (pneu-), the root of πνέω (pnéō, “I blow”), + -μα (-ma, result noun suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pneûma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύματος",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Third declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸ πνεῦμᾰ",
"roman": "tò pneûmă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτε",
"roman": "pneúmăte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾰ̀ πνεύμᾰτᾰ",
"roman": "tằ pneúmătă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ πνεύμᾰτος",
"roman": "toû pneúmătos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνευμᾰ́τοιν",
"roman": "pneumắtoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "πνευμᾰ́των",
"roman": "pneumắtōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ πνεύμᾰτῐ",
"roman": "tôi pneúmătĭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνευμᾰ́τοιν",
"roman": "pneumắtoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς πνεύμᾰσῐ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰσῐν",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toîs pneúmăsĭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toîs pneúmăsĭn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸ πνεῦμᾰ",
"roman": "tò pneûmă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτε",
"roman": "pneúmăte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾰ̀ πνεύμᾰτᾰ",
"roman": "tằ pneúmătă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεῦμᾰ",
"roman": "pneûmă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτε",
"roman": "pneúmăte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτᾰ",
"roman": "pneúmătă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πνεύματος",
"2": "n",
"3": "third"
},
"expansion": "πνεῦμα • (pneûma) n (genitive πνεύματος); third declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πνεῦμᾰ",
"2": "πνεύμᾰτος",
"form": "N"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"air"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-n-Qw5SdG",
"links": [
[
"air",
"air"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wind"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-m1jmgUWn",
"links": [
[
"wind",
"wind"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 6 27 26 6 6 10 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 27 22 7 7 11 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 28 25 6 6 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 27 22 7 7 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -μα",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 30 31 7 7 7 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 39 39 4 4 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"breath"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-NnocWSRY",
"links": [
[
"breath",
"breath"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Phonology",
"orig": "grc:Phonology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 27 26 6 6 10 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 28 25 6 6 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 30 31 7 7 7 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 39 39 4 4 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"breathing"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-UNTLWEvl",
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"breathing",
"breathing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonology) breathing"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"life"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-Y71wZe8e",
"links": [
[
"life",
"life"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spirit, soul"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-pOqDo28B",
"links": [
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 3 0 0 63 34",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "grc:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spiritual being: spirit, angel"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-lYTzNtEj",
"links": [
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"angel",
"angel"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 6 27 26 6 6 10 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 28 25 6 6 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the third declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inspiration (often divine inspiration), genius"
],
"id": "en-πνεῦμα-grc-noun-K5uGgV2k",
"links": [
[
"inspiration",
"inspiration"
],
[
"genius",
"genius"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pnêu̯.ma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpneβ.ma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnev.ma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pnêu̯.ma/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnew.ma/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpneβ.ma/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnev.ma/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnev.ma/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "psukhḗ",
"word": "ψυχή"
}
],
"word": "πνεῦμα"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek entries with etymology trees",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek neuter nouns",
"Ancient Greek neuter nouns in the third declension",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek properispomenon terms",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pnew-",
"Ancient Greek terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -μα",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ancient Greek third-declension nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"grc:Religion"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "pneûmătikós",
"word": "πνεῦμᾰτικός"
},
{
"roman": "pneumátion",
"word": "πνευμάτιον"
},
{
"roman": "pneumátios",
"word": "πνευμάτιος"
},
{
"roman": "pneumatóō",
"word": "πνευματόω"
},
{
"roman": "pneumatṓdēs",
"word": "πνευματώδης"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cop",
"2": "ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ"
},
"expansion": "Coptic: ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ (pneuma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Coptic: ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ (pneuma)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πνεύμα"
},
"expansion": "Greek: πνεύμα (pnévma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: πνεύμα (pnévma)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pneuma"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pneuma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pneuma"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*pnéwmn̥>breath",
"id": "air",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pnew-\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥\nAncient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma)",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pnéwmn̥"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "",
"3": "-μα",
"pos2": "result noun suffix"
},
"expansion": "+ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix)",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pnew-\nProto-Indo-European *-mn̥\nProto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥\nAncient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma)\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥, equivalent to πνευ- (pneu-), the root of πνέω (pnéō, “I blow”), + -μα (-ma, result noun suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pneûma",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύματος",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Third declension",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸ πνεῦμᾰ",
"roman": "tò pneûmă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτε",
"roman": "pneúmăte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾰ̀ πνεύμᾰτᾰ",
"roman": "tằ pneúmătă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῦ πνεύμᾰτος",
"roman": "toû pneúmătos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνευμᾰ́τοιν",
"roman": "pneumắtoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "πνευμᾰ́των",
"roman": "pneumắtōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῷ πνεύμᾰτῐ",
"roman": "tôi pneúmătĭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνευμᾰ́τοιν",
"roman": "pneumắtoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖς πνεύμᾰσῐ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰσῐν",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toîs pneúmăsĭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "toîs pneúmăsĭn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὸ πνεῦμᾰ",
"roman": "tò pneûmă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτε",
"roman": "pneúmăte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾰ̀ πνεύμᾰτᾰ",
"roman": "tằ pneúmătă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεῦμᾰ",
"roman": "pneûmă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτε",
"roman": "pneúmăte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "πνεύμᾰτᾰ",
"roman": "pneúmătă",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πνεύματος",
"2": "n",
"3": "third"
},
"expansion": "πνεῦμα • (pneûma) n (genitive πνεύματος); third declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "πνεῦμᾰ",
"2": "πνεύμᾰτος",
"form": "N"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"air"
],
"links": [
[
"air",
"air"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"wind"
],
"links": [
[
"wind",
"wind"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"breath"
],
"links": [
[
"breath",
"breath"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"grc:Phonology"
],
"glosses": [
"breathing"
],
"links": [
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"breathing",
"breathing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonology) breathing"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"life"
],
"links": [
[
"life",
"life"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spirit, soul"
],
"links": [
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spiritual being: spirit, angel"
],
"links": [
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"angel",
"angel"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inspiration (often divine inspiration), genius"
],
"links": [
[
"inspiration",
"inspiration"
],
[
"genius",
"genius"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pnêu̯.ma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpneβ.ma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnev.ma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pnêu̯.ma/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnew.ma/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpneβ.ma/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnev.ma/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpnev.ma/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "psukhḗ",
"word": "ψυχή"
}
],
"word": "πνεῦμα"
}
Download raw JSONL data for πνεῦμα meaning in Ancient Greek (6.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (9c82c1c and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.