See ψυχή in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "eleutherópsūkhos",
"word": "ἐλευθερόψῡχος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "eúpsukhos",
"word": "εὔψυχος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "psūkhikós",
"word": "ψῡχικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "psukhopompós",
"word": "ψυχοπομπός"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "psūkhotróphos",
"word": "ψῡχοτρόφος"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "ψυχή"
},
"expansion": "Greek: ψυχή (psychí)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: ψυχή (psychí)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-mar",
"2": "пши"
},
"expansion": "Mariupol Greek: пши (pši)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mariupol Greek: пши (pši)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cop",
"2": "ⲯⲩⲭⲏ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "psychē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: psychē",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: psychē"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "psique",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Catalan: psique",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Catalan: psique"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "psýcha",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Czech: psýcha",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Czech: psýcha"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "psyke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: psyke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: psyke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "psyche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: psyche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: psyche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "psyche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: psyche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: psyche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "psiko",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: psiko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: psiko"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "psyyke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: psyyke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: psyyke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "psyché",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: psyché",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: psyché"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Psyche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Psyche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Psyche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "psiche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: psiche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: psiche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "psiquè",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Occitan: psiquè",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Occitan: psiquè"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "psique",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: psique",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: psique"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "psiha",
"3": "пси̏ха",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "psichi",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Sicilian: psichi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Sicilian: psichi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "psique",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: psique",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "psiquis",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "psiquis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: psique, psiquis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "psyke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: psyke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: psyke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "psycho-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Translingual: psycho-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Translingual: psycho-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פּסיכע",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "психика",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: психика (psihika)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: психика (psihika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "ფსიქიკა",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Georgian: ფსიქიკა (psikiḳa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Georgian: ფსიქიკა (psikiḳa) (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "síci-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Irish: síci-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Irish: síci- (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "psychika",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: psychika",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: psychika (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "psihic",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: psihic",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: psihic (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "психика",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: психика (psixika)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: психика (psixika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ψῡ́χω",
"3": "-η",
"id2": "zero grade",
"t1": "I blow"
},
"expansion": "ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē)",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-cir-pro",
"2": "*psa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Circassian *psa",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-nwc-pro",
"2": "*pǝsA",
"lit": "soul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Analyzable as ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē), but never had the meaning \"breath\", even in Homer.\nCompare Proto-Circassian *psa, Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ψῡχή",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "psūkhḗ",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχῆς",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "First declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ἡ ψῡχή",
"roman": "hē psūkhḗ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ ψῡχᾱ́",
"roman": "tṑ psūkhā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "αἱ ψῡχαί",
"roman": "hai psūkhaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῆς ψῡχῆς",
"roman": "tês psūkhês",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν ψῡχαῖν",
"roman": "toîn psūkhaîn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν ψῡχῶν",
"roman": "tôn psūkhôn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῇ ψῡχῇ",
"roman": "têi psūkhêi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν ψῡχαῖν",
"roman": "toîn psūkhaîn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ταῖς ψῡχαῖς",
"roman": "taîs psūkhaîs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὴν ψῡχήν",
"roman": "tḕn psūkhḗn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ ψῡχᾱ́",
"roman": "tṑ psūkhā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾱ̀ς ψῡχᾱ́ς",
"roman": "tā̀s psūkhā́s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχή",
"roman": "psūkhḗ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχᾱ́",
"roman": "psūkhā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχαί",
"roman": "psūkhaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ψῡχή",
"2": "ψῡχῆς",
"3": "f",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "ψῡχή • (psūkhḗ) f (genitive ψῡχῆς); first declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ψυ‧χή"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ψῡχή",
"2": "ψῡχῆς",
"form": "F-full"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 3 2 3 18 18 15 15 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 12 4 4 6 10 10 13 15 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 10 3 3 4 14 14 15 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,\nspurting his entrails out — and his life[-blood], gushing forth\nthrough the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast\nand the dark came swirling down across his eyes.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.516–519",
"roman": "Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor,",
"text": "Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν\nοὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε\nδῃώσας: ψυχὴ δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν\nἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.\nAtreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn\noûta katà lapárēn, dià d’ éntera khalkòs áphusse\ndēiṓsas: psukhḕ dè kat’ outaménēn ōteilḕn\néssut’ epeigoménē, tòn dè skótos ósse kálupse.\n1990 translation by Robert Fagles"
},
{
"english": "1990 translation by Robert Fagles\n[…] so he dragged out both the man's life-breath and the weapon's point together.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.505",
"text": "[…] τοῖο δ’ ἅμα ψυχήν τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ’ αἰχμήν.\n[…] toîo d’ háma psukhḗn te kaì énkheos exérus’ aikhmḗn."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"Life-breath, lifeblood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation)."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-CgyMGxXt",
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"breath",
"breath"
],
[
"lifeblood",
"lifeblood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"(poetic) Life-breath, lifeblood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation)."
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "grc:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 3 2 3 18 18 15 15 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1920 translation by John Burnet\nFor it is death to souls to become water, and death to water to become earth. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul.",
"ref": "Heraclitus, frag. 36",
"roman": "psukhêisin thánatos húdōr genésthai, húdati dè thánatos gên genésthai, ek gês dè húdōr gínetai, ex húdatos dè psukhḗ.",
"text": "ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή."
},
{
"english": "1855 translation by Charles Collier\nThales, too, from what has been recorded of him, seems to have assumed that the Vital Principle is something motive, since he said that the loadstone must have a Vital Principle because it gives motion to iron.",
"ref": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, De anima 405a20",
"roman": "éoike dè kaì Thalês ex hôn apomnēmoneúousi kinētikón ti tḕn psukhḕn hupolabeîn, eíper tḕn líthon éphē psukhḕn ékhein, hóti tòn sídēron kineî;",
"text": "ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-rUDAd5cv",
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"primary",
"primary"
],
[
"substance",
"substance"
],
[
"source",
"source"
],
[
"consciousness",
"consciousness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"(philosophy, since the early physicists) Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness."
],
"raw_tags": [
"since the early physicists"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.18"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"A person"
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-R0F7k-yl",
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"Septuagint",
"Septuagint"
],
[
"person",
"person"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"(Septuagint) A person"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\n[…] but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet,\nwhere destruction of life cometh most speedily;",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.324 f.",
"roman": "laukaníēn, hína te psukhês ṓkistos ólethros;",
"text": "[…] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι\nλαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·\n[…] phaíneto d’ hêi klēîdes ap’ ṓmōn aukhén’ ékhousi"
},
{
"english": "1862 translation by Robert Young (Young's Literal Translation)\n[…] and die did the third of the creatures […] in the sea, those having life, and the third of the ships were destroyed.",
"ref": "New Testament, Revelation 8:9, (text according to Stephanus [1550] and Scrivener [1894])",
"text": "[…] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.\n[…] kaì apéthanen tò tríton tôn ktismátōn tôn en têi thalássēi tà ékhonta psukhàs kaì tò tríton tôn ploíōn diephtharē."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life)."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-ytRhQwEO",
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\n[…] ever staking my life in fight.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.322",
"text": "[…] αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψυχὴν παραβαλλόμενος πολεμίζειν.\n[…] aieì emḕn psukhḕn paraballómenos polemízein."
},
{
"english": "1862 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\nAnd I wove all manner of wiles and counsel, as a man will in a matter of life and death; for great was the evil that was nigh us.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.422 f.",
"roman": "hṓs te perì psukhês; méga gàr kakòn engúthen êen.",
"text": "πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον,\nὥς τε περὶ ψυχῆς· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.\npántas dè dólous kaì mêtin húphainon,"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Animate existence, viewed as a possession, one’s life."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-oeGphfwt",
"links": [
[
"Animate",
"animate"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"possession",
"possession"
],
[
"one’s",
"one’s"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 3 2 3 18 18 15 15 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 10 3 3 4 14 14 15 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1990 translation by Robert Fagles\nRage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,\n[…] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,\nhurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy […]\ngreat fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion,\nfeasts for the dogs and birds,\nand the will of Zeus was moving toward its end.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.1–5",
"roman": "oiōnoîsí te pâsi, Diòs d’ eteleíeto boulḗ.",
"text": "μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος\nοὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,\nπολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν\nἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν\nοἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή.\nmênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos\nouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthēke,\npollàs d’ iphthímous psukhàs Áïdi proḯapsen\nhērṓōn, autoùs dè helṓria teûkhe kúnessin"
},
{
"english": "1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\n[…] and his spirit failed him, and down over his eyes a mist was shed.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.696",
"text": "[…] τὸν δ’ ἔλιπε ψυχή, κατὰ δ’ ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ’ ἀχλύς·\n[…] tòn d’ élipe psukhḗ, katà d’ ophthalmôn kékhut’ akhlús;"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person)."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-c0E78rPz",
"links": [
[
"distinct",
"distinct"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"leaving",
"leaving"
],
[
"death",
"death"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 3 2 3 18 18 15 15 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 10 3 3 4 14 14 15 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors’ ghosts, […]",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.362–24.2",
"text": "αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι\nἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν.\n⁂\nἙρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο\nἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: […]\nautíka gàr phátis eîsin hám’ ēelíōi aniónti\nandrôn mnēstḗrōn, hoùs éktanon en megároisin.\n⁂\nHermês dè psukhàs Kullḗnios exekaleîto\nandrôn mnēstḗrōn: […]\n1996 translation by Robert Fagles\n[Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread\nof the suitors that I killed inside the house.\n⁂"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person).",
"A disembodied spirit, a shade or ghost (the spirit of a dead person)."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-Wn9AeVfS",
"links": [
[
"distinct",
"distinct"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"leaving",
"leaving"
],
[
"death",
"death"
],
[
"disembodied",
"disembodied"
],
[
"shade",
"shade"
],
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 11 3 2 3 18 18 15 15 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 10 3 3 4 14 14 15 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1990 translation by Diane Svarlien\nAnd yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in spirit. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son.",
"ref": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 53–55",
"roman": "huiòs Alkmḗnas",
"text": "Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ\nτὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι,\nυἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας\nThēbân apò Kadmeïân morphàn brakhús, psukhàn d’ ákamptos, prospalaísōn êlth’ anḕr\ntàn purophóron Libúan, kraníois óphra xénōn naòn Poseidáōnos eréphonta skhéthoi,"
},
{
"english": "If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high spirit and a stalwart body.",
"ref": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 11.1",
"roman": "c. 1898 translation by Henry Graham Dakyns",
"text": "ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.\nḕn dé tis ára boulēthêi kaì pompikôi kaì meteṓrōi kaì lamprôi híppōi khrḗsasthai, ou mála mèn tà toiaûta ek pantòs híppou gígnetai, allà deî hupárxai autôi kaì tḕn psukhḕn megalóphrona kaì tò sôma eúrōston."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-eNmTymW1",
"links": [
[
"animate",
"animate"
],
[
"conscious",
"conscious"
],
[
"self",
"self"
],
[
"personality",
"personality"
],
[
"centre",
"centre"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"desire",
"desire"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"heart",
"heart"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "grc",
"name": "Philosophy",
"orig": "grc:Philosophy",
"parents": [
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 3 2 3 18 18 15 15 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 10 3 3 4 14 14 15 16 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1925 translation by W. R. M. Lamb\nAnd in the midst thereof He set Soul, which He stretched throughout the whole of it, and therewith He enveloped also the exterior of its body; […]",
"ref": "360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 34b",
"text": "ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]\npsukhḕn dè eis tò méson autoû theìs dià pantós te éteinen kaì éti éxōthen tò sôma autêi periekálupsen, […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.",
"The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-E0nnPF5o",
"links": [
[
"animate",
"animate"
],
[
"conscious",
"conscious"
],
[
"self",
"self"
],
[
"personality",
"personality"
],
[
"centre",
"centre"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"desire",
"desire"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"heart",
"heart"
],
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"universe",
"universe"
],
[
"immaterial",
"immaterial"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.",
"(philosophy, after Plato) The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life."
],
"raw_tags": [
"after Plato"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1979 translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann\nBut after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their minds.",
"ref": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Economics 6.16",
"roman": "all’ ouk ára eîkhen hoútōs, all’ eníous edókoun katamanthánein tôn kalôn tàs morphàs pánu mokhthēroùs óntas tàs psukhás.",
"text": "ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The mind (seat or organ of thought), (the faculty of) reason."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-N58rN6ns",
"links": [
[
"mind",
"mind"
],
[
"reason",
"reason"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.19",
"text": "Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.\nGínontai d’ hai mèn kaloúmenai psukhaì ek tôn kampôn, haì gínontai epì tôn phúllōn tôn khlōrôn, kaì málista epì tês rhaphánou, hḕn kaloûsí tines krámbēn.\nThose arise — those which one calls butterflies (psukhai) — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant (raphanos), which some call cabbage (krambē)."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Butterfly."
],
"id": "en-ψυχή-grc-noun-2EWGY~oE",
"links": [
[
"Butterfly",
"butterfly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, extended from the meaning ‘soul’) Butterfly."
],
"raw_tags": [
"from the meaning ‘soul’"
],
"tags": [
"extended",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/psyː.kʰɛ̌ː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈçi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/psiˈçi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyː.kʰɛ̌ː/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈkʰe̝/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈçi/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈçi/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/psiˈçi/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
},
{
"audio": "Grc-ψυχή.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Grc-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE.ogg/Grc-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Grc-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"roman": "psūkhā́",
"tags": [
"Doric"
],
"word": "ψῡχᾱ́"
}
],
"word": "ψυχή"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek 2-syllable words",
"Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
"Ancient Greek feminine nouns",
"Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Ancient Greek first-declension nouns",
"Ancient Greek lemmas",
"Ancient Greek nouns",
"Ancient Greek oxytone terms",
"Ancient Greek terms suffixed with -η (zero grade)",
"Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"el:Insects"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "eleutherópsūkhos",
"word": "ἐλευθερόψῡχος"
},
{
"roman": "eúpsukhos",
"word": "εὔψυχος"
},
{
"roman": "psūkhikós",
"word": "ψῡχικός"
},
{
"roman": "psukhopompós",
"word": "ψυχοπομπός"
},
{
"roman": "psūkhotróphos",
"word": "ψῡχοτρόφος"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "ψυχή"
},
"expansion": "Greek: ψυχή (psychí)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: ψυχή (psychí)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-mar",
"2": "пши"
},
"expansion": "Mariupol Greek: пши (pši)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mariupol Greek: пши (pši)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cop",
"2": "ⲯⲩⲭⲏ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Coptic: ⲯⲩⲭⲏ (psukhē)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "psychē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: psychē",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: psychē"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "psique",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Catalan: psique",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Catalan: psique"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "psýcha",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Czech: psýcha",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Czech: psýcha"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "psyke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: psyke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: psyke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "psyche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: psyche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: psyche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "psyche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: psyche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: psyche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "psiko",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Esperanto: psiko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Esperanto: psiko"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "psyyke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Finnish: psyyke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Finnish: psyyke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "psyché",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ French: psyché",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ French: psyché"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Psyche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: Psyche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: Psyche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "psiche",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: psiche",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: psiche"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "psiquè",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Occitan: psiquè",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Occitan: psiquè"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "psique",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: psique",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: psique"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "psiha",
"3": "пси̏ха",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Serbo-Croatian: psiha, пси̏ха"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "psichi",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Sicilian: psichi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Sicilian: psichi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "psique",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: psique",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "psiquis",
"nolb": "1"
},
"expansion": "psiquis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: psique, psiquis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "psyke",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: psyke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: psyke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mul",
"2": "psycho-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Translingual: psycho-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Translingual: psycho-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פּסיכע",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: פּסיכע (psikhe)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "психика",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: психика (psihika)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: психика (psihika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "ფსიქიკა",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Georgian: ფსიქიკა (psikiḳa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Georgian: ფსიქიკა (psikiḳa) (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "síci-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Irish: síci-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Irish: síci- (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "psychika",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: psychika",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: psychika (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "psihic",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: psihic",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: psihic (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "психика",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: психика (psixika)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: психика (psixika) (via Greek ψῡχικός)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ψῡ́χω",
"3": "-η",
"id2": "zero grade",
"t1": "I blow"
},
"expansion": "ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē)",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-cir-pro",
"2": "*psa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Circassian *psa",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-nwc-pro",
"2": "*pǝsA",
"lit": "soul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Analyzable as ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) + -η (-ē), but never had the meaning \"breath\", even in Homer.\nCompare Proto-Circassian *psa, Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ψῡχή",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "psūkhḗ",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχῆς",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "Attic declension-1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "grc-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "First declension",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "ἡ ψῡχή",
"roman": "hē psūkhḗ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ ψῡχᾱ́",
"roman": "tṑ psūkhā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "αἱ ψῡχαί",
"roman": "hai psūkhaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῆς ψῡχῆς",
"roman": "tês psūkhês",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν ψῡχαῖν",
"roman": "toîn psūkhaîn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "τῶν ψῡχῶν",
"roman": "tôn psūkhôn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τῇ ψῡχῇ",
"roman": "têi psūkhêi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τοῖν ψῡχαῖν",
"roman": "toîn psūkhaîn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "ταῖς ψῡχαῖς",
"roman": "taîs psūkhaîs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "τὴν ψῡχήν",
"roman": "tḕn psūkhḗn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "τὼ ψῡχᾱ́",
"roman": "tṑ psūkhā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "τᾱ̀ς ψῡχᾱ́ς",
"roman": "tā̀s psūkhā́s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχή",
"roman": "psūkhḗ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχᾱ́",
"roman": "psūkhā́",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ψῡχαί",
"roman": "psūkhaí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ψῡχή",
"2": "ψῡχῆς",
"3": "f",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "ψῡχή • (psūkhḗ) f (genitive ψῡχῆς); first declension",
"name": "grc-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ψυ‧χή"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ψῡχή",
"2": "ψῡχῆς",
"form": "F-full"
},
"name": "grc-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek poetic terms",
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "gouged his flank and the bronze ripped him open,\nspurting his entrails out — and his life[-blood], gushing forth\nthrough the raw, yawning wound, went pulsing fast\nand the dark came swirling down across his eyes.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.516–519",
"roman": "Menelaus took the hardened captain Hyperenor,",
"text": "Ἀτρεΐδης δ’ ἄρ’ ἔπειθ’ Ὑπερήνορα ποιμένα λαῶν\nοὖτα κατὰ λαπάρην, διὰ δ’ ἔντερα χαλκὸς ἄφυσσε\nδῃώσας: ψυχὴ δὲ κατ’ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν\nἔσσυτ’ ἐπειγομένη, τὸν δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψε.\nAtreḯdēs d’ ár’ épeith’ Huperḗnora poiména laôn\noûta katà lapárēn, dià d’ éntera khalkòs áphusse\ndēiṓsas: psukhḕ dè kat’ outaménēn ōteilḕn\néssut’ epeigoménē, tòn dè skótos ósse kálupse.\n1990 translation by Robert Fagles"
},
{
"english": "1990 translation by Robert Fagles\n[…] so he dragged out both the man's life-breath and the weapon's point together.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.505",
"text": "[…] τοῖο δ’ ἅμα ψυχήν τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ’ αἰχμήν.\n[…] toîo d’ háma psukhḗn te kaì énkheos exérus’ aikhmḗn."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"Life-breath, lifeblood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation)."
],
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"breath",
"breath"
],
[
"lifeblood",
"lifeblood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"(poetic) Life-breath, lifeblood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation)."
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations",
"grc:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1920 translation by John Burnet\nFor it is death to souls to become water, and death to water to become earth. But water comes from earth; and from water, soul.",
"ref": "Heraclitus, frag. 36",
"roman": "psukhêisin thánatos húdōr genésthai, húdati dè thánatos gên genésthai, ek gês dè húdōr gínetai, ex húdatos dè psukhḗ.",
"text": "ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψυχή."
},
{
"english": "1855 translation by Charles Collier\nThales, too, from what has been recorded of him, seems to have assumed that the Vital Principle is something motive, since he said that the loadstone must have a Vital Principle because it gives motion to iron.",
"ref": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, De anima 405a20",
"roman": "éoike dè kaì Thalês ex hôn apomnēmoneúousi kinētikón ti tḕn psukhḕn hupolabeîn, eíper tḕn líthon éphē psukhḕn ékhein, hóti tòn sídēron kineî;",
"text": "ἔοικε δὲ καὶ Θαλῆς ἐξ ὧν ἀπομνημονεύουσι κινητικόν τι τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν, εἴπερ τὴν λίθον ἔφη ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ·"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness."
],
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"primary",
"primary"
],
[
"substance",
"substance"
],
[
"source",
"source"
],
[
"consciousness",
"consciousness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"(philosophy, since the early physicists) Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness."
],
"raw_tags": [
"since the early physicists"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.18"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"A person"
],
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
],
[
"Septuagint",
"Septuagint"
],
[
"person",
"person"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life).",
"(Septuagint) A person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\n[…] but there was an opening where the collar bones part the neck and shoulders, even the gullet,\nwhere destruction of life cometh most speedily;",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.324 f.",
"roman": "laukaníēn, hína te psukhês ṓkistos ólethros;",
"text": "[…] φαίνετο δ’ ᾗ κληῖδες ἀπ’ ὤμων αὐχέν’ ἔχουσι\nλαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος·\n[…] phaíneto d’ hêi klēîdes ap’ ṓmōn aukhén’ ékhousi"
},
{
"english": "1862 translation by Robert Young (Young's Literal Translation)\n[…] and die did the third of the creatures […] in the sea, those having life, and the third of the ships were destroyed.",
"ref": "New Testament, Revelation 8:9, (text according to Stephanus [1550] and Scrivener [1894])",
"text": "[…] καὶ ἀπέθανεν τὸ τρίτον τῶν κτισμάτων τῶν ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰ ἔχοντα ψυχὰς καὶ τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων διεφθαρη.\n[…] kaì apéthanen tò tríton tôn ktismátōn tôn en têi thalássēi tà ékhonta psukhàs kaì tò tríton tôn ploíōn diephtharē."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life)."
],
"links": [
[
"animating",
"animating"
],
[
"principle",
"principle"
],
[
"human",
"human"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"vital",
"vital"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
],
[
"soul",
"soul"
],
[
"life",
"life"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\n[…] ever staking my life in fight.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.322",
"text": "[…] αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψυχὴν παραβαλλόμενος πολεμίζειν.\n[…] aieì emḕn psukhḕn paraballómenos polemízein."
},
{
"english": "1862 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\nAnd I wove all manner of wiles and counsel, as a man will in a matter of life and death; for great was the evil that was nigh us.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.422 f.",
"roman": "hṓs te perì psukhês; méga gàr kakòn engúthen êen.",
"text": "πάντας δὲ δόλους καὶ μῆτιν ὕφαινον,\nὥς τε περὶ ψυχῆς· μέγα γὰρ κακὸν ἐγγύθεν ἦεν.\npántas dè dólous kaì mêtin húphainon,"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Animate existence, viewed as a possession, one’s life."
],
"links": [
[
"Animate",
"animate"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"possession",
"possession"
],
[
"one’s",
"one’s"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1990 translation by Robert Fagles\nRage — Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus' son Achilles,\n[…] doomed, that cost the Achaeans countless losses,\nhurling down to the House of Death so many sturdy […]\ngreat fighters’ souls, but made their bodies carrion,\nfeasts for the dogs and birds,\nand the will of Zeus was moving toward its end.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.1–5",
"roman": "oiōnoîsí te pâsi, Diòs d’ eteleíeto boulḗ.",
"text": "μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος\nοὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθηκε,\nπολλὰς δ’ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν\nἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν\nοἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι, Διὸς δ’ ἐτελείετο βουλή.\nmênin áeide theà Pēlēïádeō Akhilêos\nouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthēke,\npollàs d’ iphthímous psukhàs Áïdi proḯapsen\nhērṓōn, autoùs dè helṓria teûkhe kúnessin"
},
{
"english": "1924 translation by Augustus Taber Murray\n[…] and his spirit failed him, and down over his eyes a mist was shed.",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.696",
"text": "[…] τὸν δ’ ἔλιπε ψυχή, κατὰ δ’ ὀφθαλμῶν κέχυτ’ ἀχλύς·\n[…] tòn d’ élipe psukhḗ, katà d’ ophthalmôn kékhut’ akhlús;"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person)."
],
"links": [
[
"distinct",
"distinct"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"leaving",
"leaving"
],
[
"death",
"death"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Now Cyllenian Hermes called away the suitors’ ghosts, […]",
"ref": "800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.362–24.2",
"text": "αὐτίκα γὰρ φάτις εἶσιν ἅμ’ ἠελίῳ ἀνιόντι\nἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων, οὓς ἔκτανον ἐν μεγάροισιν.\n⁂\nἙρμῆς δὲ ψυχὰς Κυλλήνιος ἐξεκαλεῖτο\nἀνδρῶν μνηστήρων: […]\nautíka gàr phátis eîsin hám’ ēelíōi aniónti\nandrôn mnēstḗrōn, hoùs éktanon en megároisin.\n⁂\nHermês dè psukhàs Kullḗnios exekaleîto\nandrôn mnēstḗrōn: […]\n1996 translation by Robert Fagles\n[Go] quick as the rising sun the news will spread\nof the suitors that I killed inside the house.\n⁂"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person).",
"A disembodied spirit, a shade or ghost (the spirit of a dead person)."
],
"links": [
[
"distinct",
"distinct"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"leaving",
"leaving"
],
[
"death",
"death"
],
[
"disembodied",
"disembodied"
],
[
"shade",
"shade"
],
[
"ghost",
"ghost"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1990 translation by Diane Svarlien\nAnd yet once there went from Thebes, Cadmus’ city, a hero short in stature but unflinching in spirit. This hero went to the house of Antaeus in grain-bearing Libya, to keep him from roofing Poseidon's temple with the skulls of strangers, Alcmena's son.",
"ref": "522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 53–55",
"roman": "huiòs Alkmḗnas",
"text": "Θηβᾶν ἀπὸ Καδμεϊᾶν μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ’ ἄκαμπτος, προσπαλαίσων ἦλθ’ ἀνὴρ\nτὰν πυροφόρον Λιβύαν, κρανίοις ὄφρα ξένων ναὸν Ποσειδάωνος ἐρέφοντα σχέθοι,\nυἱὸς Ἀλκμήνας\nThēbân apò Kadmeïân morphàn brakhús, psukhàn d’ ákamptos, prospalaísōn êlth’ anḕr\ntàn purophóron Libúan, kraníois óphra xénōn naòn Poseidáōnos eréphonta skhéthoi,"
},
{
"english": "If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state processions, a high stepper and a showy animal, these are qualities not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal must have high spirit and a stalwart body.",
"ref": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 11.1",
"roman": "c. 1898 translation by Henry Graham Dakyns",
"text": "ἢν δέ τις ἄρα βουληθῇ καὶ πομπικῷ καὶ μετεώρῳ καὶ λαμπρῷ ἵππῳ χρήσασθαι, οὐ μάλα μὲν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐκ παντὸς ἵππου γίγνεται, ἀλλὰ δεῖ ὑπάρξαι αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν μεγαλόφρονα καὶ τὸ σῶμα εὔρωστον.\nḕn dé tis ára boulēthêi kaì pompikôi kaì meteṓrōi kaì lamprôi híppōi khrḗsasthai, ou mála mèn tà toiaûta ek pantòs híppou gígnetai, allà deî hupárxai autôi kaì tḕn psukhḕn megalóphrona kaì tò sôma eúrōston."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart."
],
"links": [
[
"animate",
"animate"
],
[
"conscious",
"conscious"
],
[
"self",
"self"
],
[
"personality",
"personality"
],
[
"centre",
"centre"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"desire",
"desire"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"heart",
"heart"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations",
"grc:Philosophy"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1925 translation by W. R. M. Lamb\nAnd in the midst thereof He set Soul, which He stretched throughout the whole of it, and therewith He enveloped also the exterior of its body; […]",
"ref": "360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 34b",
"text": "ψυχὴν δὲ εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτοῦ θεὶς διὰ παντός τε ἔτεινεν καὶ ἔτι ἔξωθεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτῇ περιεκάλυψεν, […]\npsukhḕn dè eis tò méson autoû theìs dià pantós te éteinen kaì éti éxōthen tò sôma autêi periekálupsen, […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.",
"The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life."
],
"links": [
[
"animate",
"animate"
],
[
"conscious",
"conscious"
],
[
"self",
"self"
],
[
"personality",
"personality"
],
[
"centre",
"centre"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"desire",
"desire"
],
[
"affection",
"affection"
],
[
"heart",
"heart"
],
[
"philosophy",
"philosophy"
],
[
"universe",
"universe"
],
[
"immaterial",
"immaterial"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart.",
"(philosophy, after Plato) The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life."
],
"raw_tags": [
"after Plato"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"philosophy",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "1979 translation by E. C. Marchant, O. J. Todd and William Heinemann\nBut after all, it was not so: I thought I discovered that some who were beautiful to look at were thoroughly depraved in their minds.",
"ref": "430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Economics 6.16",
"roman": "all’ ouk ára eîkhen hoútōs, all’ eníous edókoun katamanthánein tôn kalôn tàs morphàs pánu mokhthēroùs óntas tàs psukhás.",
"text": "ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἄρα εἶχεν οὕτως, ἀλλ’ ἐνίους ἐδόκουν καταμανθάνειν τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς πάνυ μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψυχάς."
}
],
"glosses": [
"The mind (seat or organ of thought), (the faculty of) reason."
],
"links": [
[
"mind",
"mind"
],
[
"reason",
"reason"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ancient Greek terms with quotations",
"Ancient Greek terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 5.19",
"text": "Γίνονται δ’ αἱ μὲν καλούμεναι ψυχαὶ ἐκ τῶν καμπῶν, αἳ γίνονται ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων τῶν χλωρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῆς ῥαφάνου, ἣν καλοῦσί τινες κράμβην.\nGínontai d’ hai mèn kaloúmenai psukhaì ek tôn kampôn, haì gínontai epì tôn phúllōn tôn khlōrôn, kaì málista epì tês rhaphánou, hḕn kaloûsí tines krámbēn.\nThose arise — those which one calls butterflies (psukhai) — out of those caterpillars which arise on leaves of green, especially on the [leaves] of the cabbage-plant (raphanos), which some call cabbage (krambē)."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Butterfly."
],
"links": [
[
"Butterfly",
"butterfly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare, extended from the meaning ‘soul’) Butterfly."
],
"raw_tags": [
"from the meaning ‘soul’"
],
"tags": [
"extended",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/psyː.kʰɛ̌ː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈçi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/psiˈçi/"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyː.kʰɛ̌ː/",
"note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈkʰe̝/",
"note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈçi/",
"note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
},
{
"ipa": "/psyˈçi/",
"note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
},
{
"ipa": "/psiˈçi/",
"note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
},
{
"audio": "Grc-ψυχή.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Grc-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE.ogg/Grc-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Grc-%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "psūkhā́",
"tags": [
"Doric"
],
"word": "ψῡχᾱ́"
}
],
"word": "ψυχή"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ψυχή meaning in Ancient Greek (26.1kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Septuagint",
"path": [
"ψυχή"
],
"section": "Ancient Greek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ψυχή",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Septuagint",
"path": [
"ψυχή"
],
"section": "Ancient Greek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ψυχή",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''The animating principle of a h'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"ψυχή"
],
"section": "Ancient Greek",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ψυχή",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.