"μασχάλη" meaning in Ancient Greek

See μασχάλη in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /mas.kʰá.lɛː/, /masˈxa.li/, /masˈxa.li/, /mas.kʰá.lɛː/ (note: 5ᵗʰ BCE Attic), /masˈkʰa.le̝/ (note: 1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian), /masˈxa.li/ (note: 4ᵗʰ CE Koine), /masˈxa.li/ (note: 10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine), /masˈxa.li/ (note: 15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan)
Etymology: The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη (ankálē, “bent arm”), but further details are unclear. According to Beekes, it is undoubtedly a Pre-Greek word. Meanwhile Douglas Q. Adams has presented a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, via *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”), ultimately from the root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), and source to Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), axilla (“little wing, armpit”) as well as Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”). He finds that a Proto-Hellenic *aksalā could have given *askhalā by simple metathesis, while the initial m- could be either the product of a misdivision of the definite article plus noun (e. g. in the accusative singular *tām aksalā as well as in the respective genitive and dative dual, and genitive plural forms) or a contamination with the semantically similar μάλη (málē, “armpit”) and μαζός (mazós, “breast”). Immanuel Löw explains it as a Semitic borrowing, related to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), possibly related to Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”), both of uncertain internal relations. Etymology templates: {{der|grc|qsb-grc|-}} Pre-Greek, {{der|grc|ine-pro|*h₂eḱsleh₂}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, {{cog|la|āla||wing, armpit}} Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), {{cog|gem-pro|*ahslō||shoulder}} Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”), {{der|grc|grk-pro|*aksalā}} Proto-Hellenic *aksalā, {{bor|grc|sem}} Semitic, {{cog|tmr|מַתְחֲלָא|t=calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm|tr=maṯḥălā}} Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), {{cog|ar|حُثَالَة|t=husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop}} Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”) Head templates: {{grc-noun|μᾰσχᾰ́λη|μᾰσχᾰ́λης|f|first}} μᾰσχᾰ́λη • (maskhálē) f (genitive μᾰσχᾰ́λης); first declension Inflection templates: {{grc-decl|μᾰσχᾰ́λη|ης}} Forms: μᾰσχᾰ́λη [canonical], maskhálē [romanization], μᾰσχᾰ́λης [genitive], Attic declension-1 [table-tags], ἡ μᾰσχᾰ́λη [nominative, singular], τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ [dual, nominative], αἱ μᾰσχᾰ́λαι [nominative, plural], τῆς μᾰσχᾰ́λης [genitive, singular], τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν [dual, genitive], τῶν μᾰσχᾰλῶν [genitive, plural], τῇ μᾰσχᾰ́λῃ [dative, singular], τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν [dative, dual], ταῖς μᾰσχᾰ́λαις [dative, plural], τὴν μᾰσχᾰ́λην [accusative, singular], τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ [accusative, dual], τᾱ̀ς μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱς [accusative, plural], μᾰσχᾰ́λη [singular, vocative], μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ [dual, vocative], μᾰσχᾰ́λαι [plural, vocative]
  1. (anatomy) armpit, axilla Categories (topical): Anatomy Synonyms: μάλη
    Sense id: en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-XWEGII1m Categories (other): Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension Disambiguation of Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension: 20 27 14 24 15 Topics: anatomy, medicine, sciences
  2. (botany) axil, hollow at the base of a shoot Categories (topical): Botany
    Sense id: en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-yxv4mQYV Categories (other): Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header, Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header: 15 37 7 22 19 Disambiguation of Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension: 20 27 14 24 15 Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 9 39 8 21 23 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 6 45 5 20 24 Topics: biology, botany, natural-sciences
  3. branch, young palm twig
    Sense id: en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-MI~R5yEJ Categories (other): Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension Disambiguation of Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension: 20 27 14 24 15
  4. (geography) bay, gulf Categories (place): Landforms
    Sense id: en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-d0OMm8~e Categories (other): Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension Disambiguation of Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension: 20 27 14 24 15 Topics: geography, natural-sciences
  5. part of the prow of a ship, to which the foresail is fastened Categories (topical): Ship parts
    Sense id: en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-VimiBs9t Categories (other): Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension Disambiguation of Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension: 20 27 14 24 15
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: ἀμφιμάσχαλος (amphimáskhalos), μασχαλιαία (maskhaliaía), μασχαλίζω (maskhalízō), μασχάλιον (maskhálion), μασχαλίς (maskhalís), μασχαλίσματα (maskhalísmata), μασχαλισμός (maskhalismós), μασχαλιστήρ (maskhalistḗr), τρᾰγομᾰ́σχᾰλος (tragomáskhalos)
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "amphimáskhalos",
      "word": "ἀμφιμάσχαλος"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhaliaía",
      "word": "μασχαλιαία"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhalízō",
      "word": "μασχαλίζω"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhálion",
      "word": "μασχάλιον"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhalís",
      "word": "μασχαλίς"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhalísmata",
      "word": "μασχαλίσματα"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhalismós",
      "word": "μασχαλισμός"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "maskhalistḗr",
      "word": "μασχαλιστήρ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "roman": "tragomáskhalos",
      "word": "τρᾰγομᾰ́σχᾰλος"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "μασχάλη"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "qsb-grc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Pre-Greek",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱsleh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "āla",
        "3": "",
        "4": "wing, armpit"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin āla (“wing, armpit”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*ahslō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "shoulder"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "grk-pro",
        "3": "*aksalā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *aksalā",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "sem"
      },
      "expansion": "Semitic",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tmr",
        "2": "מַתְחֲלָא",
        "t": "calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm",
        "tr": "maṯḥălā"
      },
      "expansion": "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "حُثَالَة",
        "t": "husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη (ankálē, “bent arm”), but further details are unclear. According to Beekes, it is undoubtedly a Pre-Greek word.\nMeanwhile Douglas Q. Adams has presented a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, via *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”), ultimately from the root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), and source to Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), axilla (“little wing, armpit”) as well as Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”). He finds that a Proto-Hellenic *aksalā could have given *askhalā by simple metathesis, while the initial m- could be either the product of a misdivision of the definite article plus noun (e. g. in the accusative singular *tām aksalā as well as in the respective genitive and dative dual, and genitive plural forms) or a contamination with the semantically similar μάλη (málē, “armpit”) and μαζός (mazós, “breast”).\nImmanuel Löw explains it as a Semitic borrowing, related to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), possibly related to Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”), both of uncertain internal relations.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "maskhálē",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λης",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-decl",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "First declension",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ἡ μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
      "roman": "hē maskhálē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ maskhálā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "αἱ μᾰσχᾰ́λαι",
      "roman": "hai maskhálai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῆς μᾰσχᾰ́λης",
      "roman": "tês maskhálēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν",
      "roman": "toîn maskhálain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῶν μᾰσχᾰλῶν",
      "roman": "tôn maskhalôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῇ μᾰσχᾰ́λῃ",
      "roman": "têi maskhálēi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν",
      "roman": "toîn maskhálain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ταῖς μᾰσχᾰ́λαις",
      "roman": "taîs maskhálais",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὴν μᾰσχᾰ́λην",
      "roman": "tḕn maskhálēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ maskhálā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾱ̀ς μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱς",
      "roman": "tā̀s maskhálās",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
      "roman": "maskhálē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ",
      "roman": "maskhálā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λαι",
      "roman": "maskhálai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
        "2": "μᾰσχᾰ́λης",
        "3": "f",
        "4": "first"
      },
      "expansion": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη • (maskhálē) f (genitive μᾰσχᾰ́λης); first declension",
      "name": "grc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
        "2": "ης"
      },
      "name": "grc-decl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "grc",
          "name": "Anatomy",
          "orig": "grc:Anatomy",
          "parents": [
            "Biology",
            "Medicine",
            "Sciences",
            "Healthcare",
            "All topics",
            "Health",
            "Fundamental",
            "Body"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 27 14 24 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "armpit, axilla"
      ],
      "id": "en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-XWEGII1m",
      "links": [
        [
          "anatomy",
          "anatomy"
        ],
        [
          "armpit",
          "armpit"
        ],
        [
          "axilla",
          "axilla"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(anatomy) armpit, axilla"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "μάλη"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "anatomy",
        "medicine",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "grc",
          "name": "Botany",
          "orig": "grc:Botany",
          "parents": [
            "Biology",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 37 7 22 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 27 14 24 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 39 8 21 23",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 45 5 20 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "axil, hollow at the base of a shoot"
      ],
      "id": "en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-yxv4mQYV",
      "links": [
        [
          "botany",
          "botany"
        ],
        [
          "axil",
          "axil"
        ],
        [
          "hollow",
          "hollow"
        ],
        [
          "base",
          "base"
        ],
        [
          "shoot",
          "shoot"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(botany) axil, hollow at the base of a shoot"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "botany",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 27 14 24 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "branch, young palm twig"
      ],
      "id": "en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-MI~R5yEJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "branch",
          "branch"
        ],
        [
          "palm",
          "palm"
        ],
        [
          "twig",
          "twig"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "grc",
          "name": "Landforms",
          "orig": "grc:Landforms",
          "parents": [
            "Earth",
            "Places",
            "Nature",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 27 14 24 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bay, gulf"
      ],
      "id": "en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-d0OMm8~e",
      "links": [
        [
          "geography",
          "geography"
        ],
        [
          "bay",
          "bay"
        ],
        [
          "gulf",
          "gulf"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(geography) bay, gulf"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "geography",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "grc",
          "name": "Ship parts",
          "orig": "grc:Ship parts",
          "parents": [
            "Nautical",
            "Transport",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 27 14 24 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "part of the prow of a ship, to which the foresail is fastened"
      ],
      "id": "en-μασχάλη-grc-noun-VimiBs9t",
      "links": [
        [
          "prow",
          "prow"
        ],
        [
          "ship",
          "ship"
        ],
        [
          "foresail",
          "foresail"
        ],
        [
          "fasten",
          "fasten"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/mas.kʰá.lɛː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mas.kʰá.lɛː/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈkʰa.le̝/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "μασχάλη"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Ancient Greek 3-syllable words",
    "Ancient Greek entries with incorrect language header",
    "Ancient Greek feminine nouns",
    "Ancient Greek feminine nouns in the first declension",
    "Ancient Greek first-declension nouns",
    "Ancient Greek lemmas",
    "Ancient Greek nouns",
    "Ancient Greek paroxytone terms",
    "Ancient Greek terms borrowed from Semitic languages",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from Semitic languages",
    "Ancient Greek terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
    "Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "amphimáskhalos",
      "word": "ἀμφιμάσχαλος"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhaliaía",
      "word": "μασχαλιαία"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhalízō",
      "word": "μασχαλίζω"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhálion",
      "word": "μασχάλιον"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhalís",
      "word": "μασχαλίς"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhalísmata",
      "word": "μασχαλίσματα"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhalismós",
      "word": "μασχαλισμός"
    },
    {
      "roman": "maskhalistḗr",
      "word": "μασχαλιστήρ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tragomáskhalos",
      "word": "τρᾰγομᾰ́σχᾰλος"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "el",
            "2": "μασχάλη"
          },
          "expansion": "Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Greek: μασχάλη (mascháli)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "qsb-grc",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Pre-Greek",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eḱsleh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "āla",
        "3": "",
        "4": "wing, armpit"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin āla (“wing, armpit”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*ahslō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "shoulder"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "grk-pro",
        "3": "*aksalā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Hellenic *aksalā",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "sem"
      },
      "expansion": "Semitic",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tmr",
        "2": "מַתְחֲלָא",
        "t": "calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm",
        "tr": "maṯḥălā"
      },
      "expansion": "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ar",
        "2": "حُثَالَة",
        "t": "husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop"
      },
      "expansion": "Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη (ankálē, “bent arm”), but further details are unclear. According to Beekes, it is undoubtedly a Pre-Greek word.\nMeanwhile Douglas Q. Adams has presented a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱsleh₂, via *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”), ultimately from the root *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”), and source to Latin āla (“wing, armpit”), axilla (“little wing, armpit”) as well as Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”). He finds that a Proto-Hellenic *aksalā could have given *askhalā by simple metathesis, while the initial m- could be either the product of a misdivision of the definite article plus noun (e. g. in the accusative singular *tām aksalā as well as in the respective genitive and dative dual, and genitive plural forms) or a contamination with the semantically similar μάλη (málē, “armpit”) and μαζός (mazós, “breast”).\nImmanuel Löw explains it as a Semitic borrowing, related to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), possibly related to Arabic حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “husks of grain or of dates, refuse of any crop”), both of uncertain internal relations.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "maskhálē",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λης",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Attic declension-1",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "grc-decl",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "First declension",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ἡ μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
      "roman": "hē maskhálē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ maskhálā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "αἱ μᾰσχᾰ́λαι",
      "roman": "hai maskhálai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῆς μᾰσχᾰ́λης",
      "roman": "tês maskhálēs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν",
      "roman": "toîn maskhálain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῶν μᾰσχᾰλῶν",
      "roman": "tôn maskhalôn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τῇ μᾰσχᾰ́λῃ",
      "roman": "têi maskhálēi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τοῖν μᾰσχᾰ́λαιν",
      "roman": "toîn maskhálain",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ταῖς μᾰσχᾰ́λαις",
      "roman": "taîs maskhálais",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὴν μᾰσχᾰ́λην",
      "roman": "tḕn maskhálēn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τὼ μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ",
      "roman": "tṑ maskhálā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "τᾱ̀ς μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱς",
      "roman": "tā̀s maskhálās",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
      "roman": "maskhálē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λᾱ",
      "roman": "maskhálā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "μᾰσχᾰ́λαι",
      "roman": "maskhálai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
        "2": "μᾰσχᾰ́λης",
        "3": "f",
        "4": "first"
      },
      "expansion": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη • (maskhálē) f (genitive μᾰσχᾰ́λης); first declension",
      "name": "grc-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "μᾰσχᾰ́λη",
        "2": "ης"
      },
      "name": "grc-decl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ancient Greek",
  "lang_code": "grc",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "grc:Anatomy"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "armpit, axilla"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "anatomy",
          "anatomy"
        ],
        [
          "armpit",
          "armpit"
        ],
        [
          "axilla",
          "axilla"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(anatomy) armpit, axilla"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "μάλη"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "anatomy",
        "medicine",
        "sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "grc:Botany"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "axil, hollow at the base of a shoot"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "botany",
          "botany"
        ],
        [
          "axil",
          "axil"
        ],
        [
          "hollow",
          "hollow"
        ],
        [
          "base",
          "base"
        ],
        [
          "shoot",
          "shoot"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(botany) axil, hollow at the base of a shoot"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "biology",
        "botany",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "branch, young palm twig"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "branch",
          "branch"
        ],
        [
          "palm",
          "palm"
        ],
        [
          "twig",
          "twig"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "grc:Landforms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bay, gulf"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "geography",
          "geography"
        ],
        [
          "bay",
          "bay"
        ],
        [
          "gulf",
          "gulf"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(geography) bay, gulf"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "geography",
        "natural-sciences"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "grc:Ship parts"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "part of the prow of a ship, to which the foresail is fastened"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "prow",
          "prow"
        ],
        [
          "ship",
          "ship"
        ],
        [
          "foresail",
          "foresail"
        ],
        [
          "fasten",
          "fasten"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/mas.kʰá.lɛː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/mas.kʰá.lɛː/",
      "note": "5ᵗʰ BCE Attic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈkʰa.le̝/",
      "note": "1ˢᵗ CE Egyptian"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/",
      "note": "4ᵗʰ CE Koine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/",
      "note": "10ᵗʰ CE Byzantine"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/masˈxa.li/",
      "note": "15ᵗʰ CE Constantinopolitan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "μασχάλη"
}

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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Ancient Greek dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.