See twardziel on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "twardzielka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"f": "twardzielka"
},
"expansion": "twardziel m pers (female equivalent twardzielka)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardzie",
"2": "l",
"genp": "twardzieli/twardzielów"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "mięczak"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish terms with collocations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "33 16 18 17 16",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "pl:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "onscreen tough guy",
"text": "ekranowy twardziel",
"translation": "onscreen tough guy"
},
{
"english": "cinematic tough guy",
"text": "filmowy twardziel",
"translation": "cinematic tough guy"
},
{
"english": "mask of a tough guy",
"text": "maska twardziela",
"translation": "mask of a tough guy"
},
{
"english": "real tough guy",
"text": "prawdziwy twardziel",
"translation": "real tough guy"
},
{
"english": "to pretend to be a tough guy",
"text": "udawać twardziela",
"translation": "to pretend to be a tough guy"
},
{
"english": "image of a tough guy",
"text": "wizerunek twardziela",
"translation": "image of a tough guy"
},
{
"english": "to play tough (literally, “to play a tough guy”)",
"text": "zgrywać twardziela",
"translation": "to play tough (literally, “to play a tough guy”)"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
16,
26
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
28
]
],
"english": "They consider me a tough guy, and so they imagine, that I'm energetic, I like to drink, I like women, a guy with zest in general.",
"ref": "1963, Marek Nowakowski, Silna gorączka, Warszawa: Czytelnik, page 156:",
"text": "Uważają mnie za twardziela, a więc tak wyobrażają sobie, że energiczny, wypić lubi, kobitki lubi, w ogóle chłop z ikrą.",
"translation": "They consider me a tough guy, and so they imagine, that I'm energetic, I like to drink, I like women, a guy with zest in general.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
56,
65
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
75,
84
]
],
"english": "You will be making an engineer while working? — and […] added: — You are a tough guy.",
"ref": "1966, Polityka. Tygodnik, Warszawa: Robotnicza Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza „Prasa”, page 28:",
"text": "Będziesz pracując robił inżyniera? — i[…]dodał: — To ty twardziel jesteś.",
"translation": "You will be making an engineer while working? — and […] added: — You are a tough guy.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
70,
81
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
69,
81
]
],
"english": "And in the end he takes the reign with mafia and turns out to be the toughest guy.",
"ref": "1994, Edward Redliński, Szczurojorczycy (podsłuchowisko) [The Ratyorkers (The Eavesdropping Room)] (Sami swoi), 3. edition (fiction), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: BGW, published 1997, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 113:",
"text": "A koniec końców to on przejmuje rządy mafią i okazuje się największym twardzielem.",
"translation": "And in the end he takes the reign with mafia and turns out to be the toughest guy.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
27
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
23
]
],
"english": "Pat is the toughest guy, who I know. A guy with steel nerves and a cold mind. He held us with an iron hand so much, that some felt like dolls on a chain.",
"ref": "1995 September 16, Michał Pol, “Koszykarz New York Knicks John Starks specjalnie dla „Gazety [Wyborczej]””, in Gazeta Wyborcza, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Agora S.A., →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Pat to największy twardziel, jakiego znam. Facet o stalowych nerwach i chłodnym umyśle. Trzymał nas żelazną ręką tak, że niektórzy czuli się jak lalki na łańcuchu.",
"translation": "Pat is the toughest guy, who I know. A guy with steel nerves and a cold mind. He held us with an iron hand so much, that some felt like dolls on a chain.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
28
]
],
"english": "He always played a tough guy, a guy without a father, a mother and without any family connections.",
"ref": "1997, Stanisław Bieniasz, Siostra Komandosa [The Sister of a Commando Trooper] (Prywatny detektyw opowiada / Michał Bielecki; 2) (fiction), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Katowice: Książnica, published 1997, →ISBN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Zawsze grał twardziela, faceta bez ojca, matki i bez żadnych powiązań rodzinnych.",
"translation": "He always played a tough guy, a guy without a father, a mother and without any family connections.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
114,
124
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
116,
125
]
],
"english": "Wojciech has good luck, that he met on his path someone[,] who has patience and wisdom, so that under the mask of a tough guy they can notice a sensitive human, in need of love and warmth.",
"ref": "2004 September 20, Mariola Woszkowska, “O potędze miłości”, in Trybuna Śląska, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Katowice: „Polskapresse”. Oddział „Prasa Śląska”, →ISSN:",
"text": "Wojciech ma szczęście, że spotkał na swojej drodze kogoś[,] kto ma w sobie cierpliwości i mądrości, aby pod maską twardziela dostrzec wrażliwego, spragnionego miłości i ciepła człowieka.",
"translation": "Wojciech has good luck, that he met on his path someone[,] who has patience and wisdom, so that under the mask of a tough guy they can notice a sensitive human, in need of love and warmth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
222,
232
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
223,
232
]
],
"english": "[Isabel] Coixet focuses in her film on the relation between the nurse and the patient. She is introverted, dropped out from life, timid, full of complexes and scars after wounds given to her by people. He tries to play the tough guy, curses, flirts with the woman, but deeply in his soul is afraid of this, what has happened to him and is afraid, how his blind fate will look like.",
"ref": "2006 August 25, Paweł Gzyl, “multikino”, in Dziennik Polski, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Kraków: Jagiellonia, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "[Isabel] Coixet skupia się w swym filmie na relacji między pielęgniarką a pacjentem. Ona jest zamknięta w sobie, wycofana z życia, nieśmiała, pełna kompleksów i blizn po ranach zadanych jej przez ludzi. On próbuje zgrywać twardziela, przeklina, flirtuje z kobietą, ale w głębi duszy jest przerażony tym, co mu się przytrafiło i boi się tego, jak będzie wyglądał jego los niewidomego.",
"translation": "[Isabel] Coixet focuses in her film on the relation between the nurse and the patient. She is introverted, dropped out from life, timid, full of complexes and scars after wounds given to her by people. He tries to play the tough guy, curses, flirts with the woman, but deeply in his soul is afraid of this, what has happened to him and is afraid, how his blind fate will look like.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
388,
399
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
403,
416
]
],
"english": "The gathered at the mine's gate were furious, that the directorate of the mine does not give them information, about what is happening at the bottom. — We get more from those, who sit in front of the television. May someone leave to us — they shouted. Around 200 people came. Not only those, whose relatives remained under the earth. They kept vigil. They cried. Tears dropped from the eyes of even the toughest guys.",
"ref": "2006 November 22, Michał Tabaka, Aldona Minorczyk-Cichy, “Tagedia^([sic – meaning Tragedia]) w kopalni Halemba”, in Gazeta Poznańska, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Poznań: Oficyna Wydawnicza Wielkopolski, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Zgromadzeni pod bramą kopalni byli wściekli, że dyrekcja kopalni nie przekazuje im informacji o tym, co się dzieje na dole. — Więcej dowiadujemy się od tych, którzy przed telewizorem siedzą. Niech tu w końcu ktoś do nas wyjdzie — krzyczeli. Przyszło około 200 osób. Nie tylko ci, których najbliżsi zostali pod ziemią. Czuwali. Wspierali się. Płakali. Łzy płynęły z oczu największym nawet twardzielom.",
"translation": "The gathered at the mine's gate were furious, that the directorate of the mine does not give them information, about what is happening at the bottom. — We get more from those, who sit in front of the television. May someone leave to us — they shouted. Around 200 people came. Not only those, whose relatives remained under the earth. They kept vigil. They cried. Tears dropped from the eyes of even the toughest guys.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
84,
94
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
82,
92
]
],
"english": "If Americans want to send people to Mars, they need to find for this mission real tough guys. Exceptionally psychically resistant, who will endure with themselves for long months.",
"ref": "2007 March 31, Marcin Rotkiewicz, “Herosi w kosmosie”, in Polityka, number 2598, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Polityka — Spółdzielnia Pracy, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Jeśli Amerykanie chcą wysłać ludzi na Marsa, muszą do tej misji znaleźć prawdziwych twardzieli. Wyjątkowo odpornych psychicznie, którzy wytrzymają ze sobą przez długie miesiące.",
"translation": "If Americans want to send people to Mars, they need to find for this mission real tough guys. Exceptionally psychically resistant, who will endure with themselves for long months.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stayer; tough guy"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "mężczyzna"
}
],
"id": "en-twardziel-pl-noun-pl:stayer;_tough_guy",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"stayer",
"stayer"
],
[
"tough guy",
"tough guy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, sometimes derogatory) stayer; tough guy"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:stayer; tough guy"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "twardziel m animal or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-anml,m-in"
},
"expansion": "twardziel m animal or m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardzie",
"2": "l",
"accs": "twardziel/twardziela",
"genp": "twardzieli/twardzielów"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-an"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish terms with collocations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Computing",
"orig": "pl:Computing",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to keep something on a hard disk",
"text": "trzymać coś na twardzielu",
"translation": "to keep something on a hard disk"
},
{
"english": "hard disk of a computer",
"text": "twardziel komputera",
"translation": "hard disk of a computer"
},
{
"english": "to sync something onto a hard disk",
"text": "zgrać coś na twardziela",
"translation": "to sync something onto a hard disk"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
66
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
49,
58
]
],
"english": "I'm happy, that you remembered me — my new 20 GB hard disk burned itself (in 6 days after purchasing), and I didn't make a safety backup and I lost absolutely EVERYTHING, including 350 MB of stuff about Star Wars (gathered from the Internet for 5 years).",
"ref": "2000 February 13, Rafał Ruta <rafalko@poczta.onet.pl>, “Petycja do TVP ws.„Gwiezdnych Wojen” — nadeszła odpowiedź”, in pl.rec.film (Usenet), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, retrieved 09 Oct 2025:",
"text": "Cieszę się, że o mnie pamiętaliście — spalił mi się nowy twardziel 20 GB (w 6 dni po zakupie), a nie zrobiłem kopii bezpieczeństwa i straciłem absolutnie WSZYSTKO, w tym 350 MB stuffu o Gwiezdnych Wojnach (przez 5 lat gromadzonego z Internetu).",
"translation": "I'm happy, that you remembered me — my new 20 GB hard disk burned itself (in 6 days after purchasing), and I didn't make a safety backup and I lost absolutely EVERYTHING, including 350 MB of stuff about Star Wars (gathered from the Internet for 5 years).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
10,
19
]
],
"english": "Hitachi will bring into the market an unusual set, allowing even unskillful users for an independent replacement of a hard disk in a notebook. In the suite there will also be a case, allowing to transform an old storage medium into an external disk.",
"ref": "2005 September 8, 4Press, “Sam wymień twardziela w notebooku [Replace a hard disk in a notebook yourself]”, in Dziennik Internautów, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Dziennik Internautów Sp. z o.o.:",
"text": "Hitachi wprowadzi na rynek nietypowy zestaw, umożliwiający nawet niewprawnym użytkownikom samodzielną wymianę dysku twardego w notebooku. W komplecie znajdzie się także obudowa, pozwalająca przekształcić stary nośnik w dysk zewnętrzny.",
"translation": "Hitachi will bring into the market an unusual set, allowing even unskillful users for an independent replacement of a hard disk in a notebook. In the suite there will also be a case, allowing to transform an old storage medium into an external disk.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
63,
73
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
57,
66
]
],
"english": "Now it would be, if mommy with daddy saw recorded onto a hard disk the achievements of their brilliant children.",
"ref": "2006 September 4, Victoriia, “Mundurki, Kamery”, in www.forumowisko.pl (forum), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, www.forumowisko.pl:",
"text": "Dopiero by było, jakby mamusia z tatusiem zobaczyli nagrane na twardzielu wyczyny ich genialnych pociech.",
"translation": "Now it would be, if mommy with daddy saw recorded onto a hard disk the achievements of their brilliant children.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
46,
55
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
42,
51
]
],
"english": "Sometimes even on a turned-on PC, when my hard disk turned off[,] then I put my paw into the case and moved cables, it always surprised, but for a short time.",
"ref": "2008 March 22, jacobbs, “Dysk twardy”, in www.forumowisko.pl (forum), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, www.forumowisko.pl:",
"text": "Czasem nawet na włączonym kompie, gdy mi gasł twardziel[,] to wsadzałem łapę w obudowę i ruszałem kabelkami, zawsze zaskakiwał, ale na krótko.",
"translation": "Sometimes even on a turned-on PC, when my hard disk turned off[,] then I put my paw into the case and moved cables, it always surprised, but for a short time.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of dysk twardy (“hard disk”)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "dysk"
}
],
"id": "en-twardziel-pl-noun-pl:Q4439",
"links": [
[
"computing",
"computing#Noun"
],
[
"dysk twardy",
"dysk twardy#Polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, computing) synonym of dysk twardy (“hard disk”)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q4439"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "hard disk",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "dysk twardy"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q4439"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "twardziel m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardzie",
"2": "l",
"genp": "twardzieli/twardzielów",
"gens": "twardziela"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "pl:Geology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Landforms",
"orig": "pl:Landforms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 22 47 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 19 55 17 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 27 42 16 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 21 30 17 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 27 38 18 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 25 46 14 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 17 42 15 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish nouns with multiple animacies",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 50 16 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish terms suffixed with -el",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
137,
148
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
121,
130
]
],
"english": "The Stone Mountains were made by a dissection of volcanic rocks from among low-resistant sediment rocks, they are thus a inselberg, of denudational origin.",
"ref": "1947, Wierchy. Rocznik poświęcony górom i góralszczyźnie, page 34:",
"text": "Góry Kamienne [po czesku: Kamenné hory] powstały przez wypreparowanie skał wulkanicznych spośród mało odpornych skał osadowych, są zatem twardzielem, pochodzenia denudacyjnego.",
"translation": "The Stone Mountains were made by a dissection of volcanic rocks from among low-resistant sediment rocks, they are thus a inselberg, of denudational origin.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inselberg (isolated mountain)"
],
"id": "en-twardziel-pl-noun-pl:Q1139493",
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
],
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"inselberg",
"inselberg"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geography, geology) inselberg (isolated mountain)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q1139493"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "twardzielec"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q1139493"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "twardziel f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "biel"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish terms with collocations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "pl:Botany",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Forestry",
"orig": "pl:Forestry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 15 41 16",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Woods",
"orig": "pl:Woods",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "heartwood of wood",
"text": "twardziel drewna",
"translation": "heartwood of wood"
},
{
"english": "heartwood of a tree",
"text": "twardziel drzewa",
"translation": "heartwood of a tree"
},
{
"text": "twardziel i biel ― heartwood and sapwood"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
20
]
],
"english": "Cells in a heartwood are already dead and fulfill in wood only mechanical functions, creating a solid and elastic skeleton resistant to various loads.",
"ref": "1954, Przewodnik leśniczego, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, →OCLC, page 266:",
"text": "W twardzieli komórki są już zmartwiałe i spełniają w drewnie tylko funkcje mechaniczne, tworząc trwały i sprężysty szkielet odporny na różne obciążenia.",
"translation": "Cells in a heartwood are already dead and fulfill in wood only mechanical functions, creating a solid and elastic skeleton resistant to various loads.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
61,
70
],
[
142,
151
],
[
142,
152
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
59,
68
],
[
160,
169
]
],
"english": "Trees such as oak, pine, poplar have a clearly highlighted heartwood, while in the case of beech, fir, linden the difference in the coloring of the sapwood and heartwood is not large.",
"ref": "2003 October 2, ds, “Idealny budulec”, in Gazeta Krakowska, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Kraków: „Polskapresse”. Oddział „Prasa Krakowska”, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Drzewa takie jak dąb, sosna, topola mają wyraźnie zaznaczoną twardziel, natomiast w przypadku buku, jodły, lipy różnica w zabarwieniu bieli i twardzieli jest niewielka.",
"translation": "Trees such as oak, pine, poplar have a clearly highlighted heartwood, while in the case of beech, fir, linden the difference in the coloring of the sapwood and heartwood is not large.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
190,
200
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
223,
232
]
],
"english": "The contents of tanning agents in the wood of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L. [Sp. Pl.: 996 (1753)]) is 3–13%, while in sapwood it's only 1–4%, thus there might be differences in the solidness between sapwood and the heartwood of wood.",
"ref": "2009, Bogusława Waliszewska, “Badania struktury i składu chemicznego archeologicznego drewna dębowego”, in Księgarnia (bookseller), dom.pl, archived from the original on 23 Nov 2011:",
"text": "Zawartość garbników w drewnie dębu szypułkowego (Quercus robur L. [Sp. Pl.: 996 (1753)]) wynosi 3–13%, a w bielu zaledwie 1–4%, stąd mogą również wynikać różnice w trwałości między bielem a twardzielą drewna.",
"translation": "The contents of tanning agents in the wood of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L. [Sp. Pl.: 996 (1753)]) is 3–13%, while in sapwood it's only 1–4%, thus there might be differences in the solidness between sapwood and the heartwood of wood.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
69,
78
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
77,
86
]
],
"english": "Wood of cedar has a narrow, unstable, light-yellow sapwood and red-darkbrown heartwood. It is soft, lightweight and has a strong, aromatic smell.",
"ref": "2009 July 1, hl, “Cedr libański”, in Las Polski, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Oikos, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Drewno cedru ma wąski, nietrwały, jasnożółty biel i czerwonobrunatną twardziel. Jest miękkie, lekkie i posiada silną, aromatyczną woń.",
"translation": "Wood of cedar has a narrow, unstable, light-yellow sapwood and red-darkbrown heartwood. It is soft, lightweight and has a strong, aromatic smell.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heartwood (wood)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "drewno"
}
],
"id": "en-twardziel-pl-noun-pl:Q191556",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"forestry",
"forestry"
],
[
"heartwood",
"heartwood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany, forestry) heartwood (wood)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q191556"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drewno twardzielowe"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"business",
"forestry",
"natural-sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q191556"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish terms with collocations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Diseases",
"orig": "pl:Diseases",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "pl:Medicine",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to suffer from scleroma",
"text": "cierpieć na twardziel",
"translation": "to suffer from scleroma"
},
{
"text": "twardziel gardła ― laryngoscleroma"
},
{
"text": "twardziel nosa ― rhinoscleroma"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
20,
28
]
],
"english": "In the case of rhinoscleroma, when the breathing process takes on the skin, it is made apparent by thickening, stiffening[,] and immobilising of the nosewings.",
"ref": "a. 2005, prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Kałużewski, “Groźne i niegroźne pałeczki Klebsiella”, in Alergia — Kwartalnik dla lekarzy (blog), archived from the original on 08 Oct 2025:",
"text": "W przypadku twardzieli nosa, gdy proces oddechowy obejmie skórę, uwidacznia się to pogrubieniem, zesztywnieniem[,] i unieruchomieniem skrzydełek nosa dając postać tzw. nosa twardzielowego ([po łacińsku:] rhinoscleroma).",
"translation": "In the case of rhinoscleroma, when the breathing process takes on the skin, it is made apparent by thickening, stiffening[,] and immobilising of the nosewings.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
5,
13
]
],
"english": "Rhinoscleroma was previously thought to be a type of a neoplasm similar to sarcoma.",
"ref": "2009 January 25, „Kauczuk” i in., “Twardziel (choroba)”, in Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia^(https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twardziel_(choroba)&oldid=15693265) (encyclopedia), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Wikimedia Polska, retrieved 08 Oct 2025, Historia twardzieli:",
"text": "Dawniej twardziel uważano za rodzaj nowotworu zbliżony do mięsaka.",
"translation": "Rhinoscleroma was previously thought to be a type of a neoplasm similar to sarcoma.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
65,
75
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
87,
95
]
],
"english": "A turning point in their relations happens during an operation of an ill man with rhinoscleroma. [Theodor] Billroth passes to [Jan] Mikulicz[-Radecki] a cut-off tissue. — Research it accurately — he commands.",
"ref": "2012 July 8, Dariusz Kortko, “Człowiek, który zmienił chirurgię: Problemy żołądkowe”, in Gazeta Wyborcza, Warszawa: Wyborcza sp. z o.o., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 08 Oct 2025:",
"text": "Do przełomu w ich stosunkach dochodzi podczas operacji chorego z twardzielą nosa. [Theodor] Billroth podaje [Janowi] Mikuliczowi[-Radeckiemu] wyciętą tkankę. — Niech pan to dokładnie zbada — rozkazuje.",
"translation": "A turning point in their relations happens during an operation of an ill man with rhinoscleroma. [Theodor] Billroth passes to [Jan] Mikulicz[-Radecki] a cut-off tissue. — Research it accurately — he commands.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"scleroma (rare skin disease)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "stwardnienie"
},
{
"word": "choroba"
}
],
"id": "en-twardziel-pl-noun-pl:Q5763722",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"scleroma",
"scleroma"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine, pathology) scleroma (rare skin disease)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q5763722"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q5763722"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish animal nouns",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish nouns with multiple animacies",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish semantic loans from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms suffixed with -el",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Woods"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "twardzielka",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"f": "twardzielka"
},
"expansion": "twardziel m pers (female equivalent twardzielka)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardzie",
"2": "l",
"genp": "twardzieli/twardzielów"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "mięczak"
}
],
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"Polish derogatory terms",
"Polish terms with collocations",
"Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "onscreen tough guy",
"text": "ekranowy twardziel",
"translation": "onscreen tough guy"
},
{
"english": "cinematic tough guy",
"text": "filmowy twardziel",
"translation": "cinematic tough guy"
},
{
"english": "mask of a tough guy",
"text": "maska twardziela",
"translation": "mask of a tough guy"
},
{
"english": "real tough guy",
"text": "prawdziwy twardziel",
"translation": "real tough guy"
},
{
"english": "to pretend to be a tough guy",
"text": "udawać twardziela",
"translation": "to pretend to be a tough guy"
},
{
"english": "image of a tough guy",
"text": "wizerunek twardziela",
"translation": "image of a tough guy"
},
{
"english": "to play tough (literally, “to play a tough guy”)",
"text": "zgrywać twardziela",
"translation": "to play tough (literally, “to play a tough guy”)"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
16,
26
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
28
]
],
"english": "They consider me a tough guy, and so they imagine, that I'm energetic, I like to drink, I like women, a guy with zest in general.",
"ref": "1963, Marek Nowakowski, Silna gorączka, Warszawa: Czytelnik, page 156:",
"text": "Uważają mnie za twardziela, a więc tak wyobrażają sobie, że energiczny, wypić lubi, kobitki lubi, w ogóle chłop z ikrą.",
"translation": "They consider me a tough guy, and so they imagine, that I'm energetic, I like to drink, I like women, a guy with zest in general.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
56,
65
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
75,
84
]
],
"english": "You will be making an engineer while working? — and […] added: — You are a tough guy.",
"ref": "1966, Polityka. Tygodnik, Warszawa: Robotnicza Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza „Prasa”, page 28:",
"text": "Będziesz pracując robił inżyniera? — i[…]dodał: — To ty twardziel jesteś.",
"translation": "You will be making an engineer while working? — and […] added: — You are a tough guy.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
70,
81
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
69,
81
]
],
"english": "And in the end he takes the reign with mafia and turns out to be the toughest guy.",
"ref": "1994, Edward Redliński, Szczurojorczycy (podsłuchowisko) [The Ratyorkers (The Eavesdropping Room)] (Sami swoi), 3. edition (fiction), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: BGW, published 1997, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 113:",
"text": "A koniec końców to on przejmuje rządy mafią i okazuje się największym twardzielem.",
"translation": "And in the end he takes the reign with mafia and turns out to be the toughest guy.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
27
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
23
]
],
"english": "Pat is the toughest guy, who I know. A guy with steel nerves and a cold mind. He held us with an iron hand so much, that some felt like dolls on a chain.",
"ref": "1995 September 16, Michał Pol, “Koszykarz New York Knicks John Starks specjalnie dla „Gazety [Wyborczej]””, in Gazeta Wyborcza, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Agora S.A., →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Pat to największy twardziel, jakiego znam. Facet o stalowych nerwach i chłodnym umyśle. Trzymał nas żelazną ręką tak, że niektórzy czuli się jak lalki na łańcuchu.",
"translation": "Pat is the toughest guy, who I know. A guy with steel nerves and a cold mind. He held us with an iron hand so much, that some felt like dolls on a chain.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
28
]
],
"english": "He always played a tough guy, a guy without a father, a mother and without any family connections.",
"ref": "1997, Stanisław Bieniasz, Siostra Komandosa [The Sister of a Commando Trooper] (Prywatny detektyw opowiada / Michał Bielecki; 2) (fiction), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Katowice: Książnica, published 1997, →ISBN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Zawsze grał twardziela, faceta bez ojca, matki i bez żadnych powiązań rodzinnych.",
"translation": "He always played a tough guy, a guy without a father, a mother and without any family connections.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
114,
124
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
116,
125
]
],
"english": "Wojciech has good luck, that he met on his path someone[,] who has patience and wisdom, so that under the mask of a tough guy they can notice a sensitive human, in need of love and warmth.",
"ref": "2004 September 20, Mariola Woszkowska, “O potędze miłości”, in Trybuna Śląska, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Katowice: „Polskapresse”. Oddział „Prasa Śląska”, →ISSN:",
"text": "Wojciech ma szczęście, że spotkał na swojej drodze kogoś[,] kto ma w sobie cierpliwości i mądrości, aby pod maską twardziela dostrzec wrażliwego, spragnionego miłości i ciepła człowieka.",
"translation": "Wojciech has good luck, that he met on his path someone[,] who has patience and wisdom, so that under the mask of a tough guy they can notice a sensitive human, in need of love and warmth.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
222,
232
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
223,
232
]
],
"english": "[Isabel] Coixet focuses in her film on the relation between the nurse and the patient. She is introverted, dropped out from life, timid, full of complexes and scars after wounds given to her by people. He tries to play the tough guy, curses, flirts with the woman, but deeply in his soul is afraid of this, what has happened to him and is afraid, how his blind fate will look like.",
"ref": "2006 August 25, Paweł Gzyl, “multikino”, in Dziennik Polski, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Kraków: Jagiellonia, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "[Isabel] Coixet skupia się w swym filmie na relacji między pielęgniarką a pacjentem. Ona jest zamknięta w sobie, wycofana z życia, nieśmiała, pełna kompleksów i blizn po ranach zadanych jej przez ludzi. On próbuje zgrywać twardziela, przeklina, flirtuje z kobietą, ale w głębi duszy jest przerażony tym, co mu się przytrafiło i boi się tego, jak będzie wyglądał jego los niewidomego.",
"translation": "[Isabel] Coixet focuses in her film on the relation between the nurse and the patient. She is introverted, dropped out from life, timid, full of complexes and scars after wounds given to her by people. He tries to play the tough guy, curses, flirts with the woman, but deeply in his soul is afraid of this, what has happened to him and is afraid, how his blind fate will look like.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
388,
399
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
403,
416
]
],
"english": "The gathered at the mine's gate were furious, that the directorate of the mine does not give them information, about what is happening at the bottom. — We get more from those, who sit in front of the television. May someone leave to us — they shouted. Around 200 people came. Not only those, whose relatives remained under the earth. They kept vigil. They cried. Tears dropped from the eyes of even the toughest guys.",
"ref": "2006 November 22, Michał Tabaka, Aldona Minorczyk-Cichy, “Tagedia^([sic – meaning Tragedia]) w kopalni Halemba”, in Gazeta Poznańska, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Poznań: Oficyna Wydawnicza Wielkopolski, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Zgromadzeni pod bramą kopalni byli wściekli, że dyrekcja kopalni nie przekazuje im informacji o tym, co się dzieje na dole. — Więcej dowiadujemy się od tych, którzy przed telewizorem siedzą. Niech tu w końcu ktoś do nas wyjdzie — krzyczeli. Przyszło około 200 osób. Nie tylko ci, których najbliżsi zostali pod ziemią. Czuwali. Wspierali się. Płakali. Łzy płynęły z oczu największym nawet twardzielom.",
"translation": "The gathered at the mine's gate were furious, that the directorate of the mine does not give them information, about what is happening at the bottom. — We get more from those, who sit in front of the television. May someone leave to us — they shouted. Around 200 people came. Not only those, whose relatives remained under the earth. They kept vigil. They cried. Tears dropped from the eyes of even the toughest guys.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
84,
94
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
82,
92
]
],
"english": "If Americans want to send people to Mars, they need to find for this mission real tough guys. Exceptionally psychically resistant, who will endure with themselves for long months.",
"ref": "2007 March 31, Marcin Rotkiewicz, “Herosi w kosmosie”, in Polityka, number 2598, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Polityka — Spółdzielnia Pracy, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Jeśli Amerykanie chcą wysłać ludzi na Marsa, muszą do tej misji znaleźć prawdziwych twardzieli. Wyjątkowo odpornych psychicznie, którzy wytrzymają ze sobą przez długie miesiące.",
"translation": "If Americans want to send people to Mars, they need to find for this mission real tough guys. Exceptionally psychically resistant, who will endure with themselves for long months.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stayer; tough guy"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "mężczyzna"
}
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"stayer",
"stayer"
],
[
"tough guy",
"tough guy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, sometimes derogatory) stayer; tough guy"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:stayer; tough guy"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"derogatory",
"masculine",
"person",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish animal nouns",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish nouns with multiple animacies",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish semantic loans from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms suffixed with -el",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Woods"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "twardziel m animal or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-anml,m-in"
},
"expansion": "twardziel m animal or m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardzie",
"2": "l",
"accs": "twardziel/twardziela",
"genp": "twardzieli/twardzielów"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-an"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms",
"Polish terms with collocations",
"Polish terms with quotations",
"pl:Computing"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to keep something on a hard disk",
"text": "trzymać coś na twardzielu",
"translation": "to keep something on a hard disk"
},
{
"english": "hard disk of a computer",
"text": "twardziel komputera",
"translation": "hard disk of a computer"
},
{
"english": "to sync something onto a hard disk",
"text": "zgrać coś na twardziela",
"translation": "to sync something onto a hard disk"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
57,
66
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
49,
58
]
],
"english": "I'm happy, that you remembered me — my new 20 GB hard disk burned itself (in 6 days after purchasing), and I didn't make a safety backup and I lost absolutely EVERYTHING, including 350 MB of stuff about Star Wars (gathered from the Internet for 5 years).",
"ref": "2000 February 13, Rafał Ruta <rafalko@poczta.onet.pl>, “Petycja do TVP ws.„Gwiezdnych Wojen” — nadeszła odpowiedź”, in pl.rec.film (Usenet), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, retrieved 09 Oct 2025:",
"text": "Cieszę się, że o mnie pamiętaliście — spalił mi się nowy twardziel 20 GB (w 6 dni po zakupie), a nie zrobiłem kopii bezpieczeństwa i straciłem absolutnie WSZYSTKO, w tym 350 MB stuffu o Gwiezdnych Wojnach (przez 5 lat gromadzonego z Internetu).",
"translation": "I'm happy, that you remembered me — my new 20 GB hard disk burned itself (in 6 days after purchasing), and I didn't make a safety backup and I lost absolutely EVERYTHING, including 350 MB of stuff about Star Wars (gathered from the Internet for 5 years).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
10,
19
]
],
"english": "Hitachi will bring into the market an unusual set, allowing even unskillful users for an independent replacement of a hard disk in a notebook. In the suite there will also be a case, allowing to transform an old storage medium into an external disk.",
"ref": "2005 September 8, 4Press, “Sam wymień twardziela w notebooku [Replace a hard disk in a notebook yourself]”, in Dziennik Internautów, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Dziennik Internautów Sp. z o.o.:",
"text": "Hitachi wprowadzi na rynek nietypowy zestaw, umożliwiający nawet niewprawnym użytkownikom samodzielną wymianę dysku twardego w notebooku. W komplecie znajdzie się także obudowa, pozwalająca przekształcić stary nośnik w dysk zewnętrzny.",
"translation": "Hitachi will bring into the market an unusual set, allowing even unskillful users for an independent replacement of a hard disk in a notebook. In the suite there will also be a case, allowing to transform an old storage medium into an external disk.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
63,
73
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
57,
66
]
],
"english": "Now it would be, if mommy with daddy saw recorded onto a hard disk the achievements of their brilliant children.",
"ref": "2006 September 4, Victoriia, “Mundurki, Kamery”, in www.forumowisko.pl (forum), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, www.forumowisko.pl:",
"text": "Dopiero by było, jakby mamusia z tatusiem zobaczyli nagrane na twardzielu wyczyny ich genialnych pociech.",
"translation": "Now it would be, if mommy with daddy saw recorded onto a hard disk the achievements of their brilliant children.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
46,
55
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
42,
51
]
],
"english": "Sometimes even on a turned-on PC, when my hard disk turned off[,] then I put my paw into the case and moved cables, it always surprised, but for a short time.",
"ref": "2008 March 22, jacobbs, “Dysk twardy”, in www.forumowisko.pl (forum), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, www.forumowisko.pl:",
"text": "Czasem nawet na włączonym kompie, gdy mi gasł twardziel[,] to wsadzałem łapę w obudowę i ruszałem kabelkami, zawsze zaskakiwał, ale na krótko.",
"translation": "Sometimes even on a turned-on PC, when my hard disk turned off[,] then I put my paw into the case and moved cables, it always surprised, but for a short time.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"synonym of dysk twardy (“hard disk”)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "dysk"
}
],
"links": [
[
"computing",
"computing#Noun"
],
[
"dysk twardy",
"dysk twardy#Polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial, computing) synonym of dysk twardy (“hard disk”)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q4439"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "hard disk",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "dysk twardy"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q4439"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish animal nouns",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish nouns with multiple animacies",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish semantic loans from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms suffixed with -el",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Woods"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in"
},
"expansion": "twardziel m inan",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardzie",
"2": "l",
"genp": "twardzieli/twardzielów",
"gens": "twardziela"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with quotations",
"pl:Geology",
"pl:Landforms"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
137,
148
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
121,
130
]
],
"english": "The Stone Mountains were made by a dissection of volcanic rocks from among low-resistant sediment rocks, they are thus a inselberg, of denudational origin.",
"ref": "1947, Wierchy. Rocznik poświęcony górom i góralszczyźnie, page 34:",
"text": "Góry Kamienne [po czesku: Kamenné hory] powstały przez wypreparowanie skał wulkanicznych spośród mało odpornych skał osadowych, są zatem twardzielem, pochodzenia denudacyjnego.",
"translation": "The Stone Mountains were made by a dissection of volcanic rocks from among low-resistant sediment rocks, they are thus a inselberg, of denudational origin.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inselberg (isolated mountain)"
],
"links": [
[
"geography",
"geography"
],
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"inselberg",
"inselberg"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geography, geology) inselberg (isolated mountain)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q1139493"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "twardzielec"
}
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q1139493"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish animal nouns",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish nouns with multiple animacies",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish semantic loans from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms suffixed with -el",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/ard͡ʑɛl/2 syllables",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Woods"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "twardy<alt:twardy, twardzi>",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "twardy, twardzi + -el",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "scleroma",
"senseid": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma",
"name": "sl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σκληρός",
"3": "",
"4": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1919"
},
"expansion": "First attested in 1919",
"name": "etydate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q191556"
},
"expansion": "sense 1",
"name": "senseno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl"
},
"expansion": "Polish",
"name": "langname"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "Q5763722"
},
"expansion": "sense 2",
"name": "senseno"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From twardy, twardzi + -el. Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Latin scleroma, from Ancient Greek σκληρός (sklērós, “hard”). First attested in 1919 (sense 1 and sense 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziel",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzielach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzieli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "twardziele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "twardziel f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dziel"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"twar‧dziel"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "biel"
}
],
"categories": [
"Polish terms with collocations",
"Polish terms with quotations",
"pl:Botany",
"pl:Forestry"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "heartwood of wood",
"text": "twardziel drewna",
"translation": "heartwood of wood"
},
{
"english": "heartwood of a tree",
"text": "twardziel drzewa",
"translation": "heartwood of a tree"
},
{
"text": "twardziel i biel ― heartwood and sapwood"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
11,
20
]
],
"english": "Cells in a heartwood are already dead and fulfill in wood only mechanical functions, creating a solid and elastic skeleton resistant to various loads.",
"ref": "1954, Przewodnik leśniczego, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, →OCLC, page 266:",
"text": "W twardzieli komórki są już zmartwiałe i spełniają w drewnie tylko funkcje mechaniczne, tworząc trwały i sprężysty szkielet odporny na różne obciążenia.",
"translation": "Cells in a heartwood are already dead and fulfill in wood only mechanical functions, creating a solid and elastic skeleton resistant to various loads.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
61,
70
],
[
142,
151
],
[
142,
152
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
59,
68
],
[
160,
169
]
],
"english": "Trees such as oak, pine, poplar have a clearly highlighted heartwood, while in the case of beech, fir, linden the difference in the coloring of the sapwood and heartwood is not large.",
"ref": "2003 October 2, ds, “Idealny budulec”, in Gazeta Krakowska, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Kraków: „Polskapresse”. Oddział „Prasa Krakowska”, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Drzewa takie jak dąb, sosna, topola mają wyraźnie zaznaczoną twardziel, natomiast w przypadku buku, jodły, lipy różnica w zabarwieniu bieli i twardzieli jest niewielka.",
"translation": "Trees such as oak, pine, poplar have a clearly highlighted heartwood, while in the case of beech, fir, linden the difference in the coloring of the sapwood and heartwood is not large.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
190,
200
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
223,
232
]
],
"english": "The contents of tanning agents in the wood of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L. [Sp. Pl.: 996 (1753)]) is 3–13%, while in sapwood it's only 1–4%, thus there might be differences in the solidness between sapwood and the heartwood of wood.",
"ref": "2009, Bogusława Waliszewska, “Badania struktury i składu chemicznego archeologicznego drewna dębowego”, in Księgarnia (bookseller), dom.pl, archived from the original on 23 Nov 2011:",
"text": "Zawartość garbników w drewnie dębu szypułkowego (Quercus robur L. [Sp. Pl.: 996 (1753)]) wynosi 3–13%, a w bielu zaledwie 1–4%, stąd mogą również wynikać różnice w trwałości między bielem a twardzielą drewna.",
"translation": "The contents of tanning agents in the wood of the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L. [Sp. Pl.: 996 (1753)]) is 3–13%, while in sapwood it's only 1–4%, thus there might be differences in the solidness between sapwood and the heartwood of wood.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
69,
78
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
77,
86
]
],
"english": "Wood of cedar has a narrow, unstable, light-yellow sapwood and red-darkbrown heartwood. It is soft, lightweight and has a strong, aromatic smell.",
"ref": "2009 July 1, hl, “Cedr libański”, in Las Polski, quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Oikos, →ISSN, →OCLC:",
"text": "Drewno cedru ma wąski, nietrwały, jasnożółty biel i czerwonobrunatną twardziel. Jest miękkie, lekkie i posiada silną, aromatyczną woń.",
"translation": "Wood of cedar has a narrow, unstable, light-yellow sapwood and red-darkbrown heartwood. It is soft, lightweight and has a strong, aromatic smell.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"heartwood (wood)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "drewno"
}
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"forestry",
"forestry"
],
[
"heartwood",
"heartwood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany, forestry) heartwood (wood)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q191556"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drewno twardzielowe"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"business",
"forestry",
"natural-sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q191556"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with collocations",
"Polish terms with quotations",
"pl:Diseases",
"pl:Medicine"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to suffer from scleroma",
"text": "cierpieć na twardziel",
"translation": "to suffer from scleroma"
},
{
"text": "twardziel gardła ― laryngoscleroma"
},
{
"text": "twardziel nosa ― rhinoscleroma"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
22
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
20,
28
]
],
"english": "In the case of rhinoscleroma, when the breathing process takes on the skin, it is made apparent by thickening, stiffening[,] and immobilising of the nosewings.",
"ref": "a. 2005, prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Kałużewski, “Groźne i niegroźne pałeczki Klebsiella”, in Alergia — Kwartalnik dla lekarzy (blog), archived from the original on 08 Oct 2025:",
"text": "W przypadku twardzieli nosa, gdy proces oddechowy obejmie skórę, uwidacznia się to pogrubieniem, zesztywnieniem[,] i unieruchomieniem skrzydełek nosa dając postać tzw. nosa twardzielowego ([po łacińsku:] rhinoscleroma).",
"translation": "In the case of rhinoscleroma, when the breathing process takes on the skin, it is made apparent by thickening, stiffening[,] and immobilising of the nosewings.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
5,
13
]
],
"english": "Rhinoscleroma was previously thought to be a type of a neoplasm similar to sarcoma.",
"ref": "2009 January 25, „Kauczuk” i in., “Twardziel (choroba)”, in Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia^(https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twardziel_(choroba)&oldid=15693265) (encyclopedia), quoted in Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego, Wikimedia Polska, retrieved 08 Oct 2025, Historia twardzieli:",
"text": "Dawniej twardziel uważano za rodzaj nowotworu zbliżony do mięsaka.",
"translation": "Rhinoscleroma was previously thought to be a type of a neoplasm similar to sarcoma.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
65,
75
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
87,
95
]
],
"english": "A turning point in their relations happens during an operation of an ill man with rhinoscleroma. [Theodor] Billroth passes to [Jan] Mikulicz[-Radecki] a cut-off tissue. — Research it accurately — he commands.",
"ref": "2012 July 8, Dariusz Kortko, “Człowiek, który zmienił chirurgię: Problemy żołądkowe”, in Gazeta Wyborcza, Warszawa: Wyborcza sp. z o.o., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 08 Oct 2025:",
"text": "Do przełomu w ich stosunkach dochodzi podczas operacji chorego z twardzielą nosa. [Theodor] Billroth podaje [Janowi] Mikuliczowi[-Radeckiemu] wyciętą tkankę. — Niech pan to dokładnie zbada — rozkazuje.",
"translation": "A turning point in their relations happens during an operation of an ill man with rhinoscleroma. [Theodor] Billroth passes to [Jan] Mikulicz[-Radecki] a cut-off tissue. — Research it accurately — he commands.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"scleroma (rare skin disease)"
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "stwardnienie"
},
{
"word": "choroba"
}
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"scleroma",
"scleroma"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine, pathology) scleroma (rare skin disease)"
],
"senseid": [
"pl:Q5763722"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q5763722"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.d͡ʑɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ard͡ʑɛl"
}
],
"word": "twardziel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for twardziel meaning in All languages combined (37.0kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Polish: 'twardziel m animal or', originally 'twardziel m animal or m inan'",
"path": [
"twardziel"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "twardziel",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Polish: 'twardziel m animal or', originally 'twardziel m animal or m inan'",
"path": [
"twardziel"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "twardziel",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'inanimate', 'canonical']: 'twardziel m animal or' in 'twardziel m animal or m inan'",
"path": [
"twardziel"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "twardziel",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.