"topolect" meaning in All languages combined

See topolect on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

Forms: topolects [plural]
Etymology: Combination of topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”). Attested since the 1960s, but rare until its introduction by sinologist Victor Mair in 1991 to distinguish Chinese 方言 (fāngyán) from English dialect. Etymology templates: {{confix|en|topo|lect|gloss1=place|gloss2=􂀿language􂁀 variety}} topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} topolect (plural topolects)
  1. (linguistics, sociolinguistics) The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region. Categories (topical): Linguistics, Sociolinguistics Synonyms: geolect, regiolect, regionalect Translations (speech-form or lect of a particular place): 方言 (fāngyán) (Chinese Mandarin), paikallismurre (Finnish), aluemurre (Finnish), topolecte [masculine] (French), Topolekt [masculine] (German), 方言 (hōgen) (alt: ほうげん) (Japanese), 방언 (bang'eon) (Korean), тополе́кт (topolékt) [masculine] (Russian), фанъя́нь (fanʺjánʹ) (note: of Chinese topolects) [masculine] (Russian), topolecto [masculine] (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-topolect-en-noun-dhx2FkUx Topics: human-sciences, linguistics, sciences, social-science, sociolinguistics, sociology Disambiguation of 'speech-form or lect of a particular place': 59 41
  2. (linguistics) A regional variety of Chinese; especially a lect other than Standard Mandarin. Categories (topical): Linguistics Synonyms: fangyan, regionalect
    Sense id: en-topolect-en-noun-fPF0Rgi3 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms prefixed with topo-, English terms suffixed with -lect, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Korean translations, Terms with Mandarin translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 24 76 Disambiguation of English terms prefixed with topo-: 38 62 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -lect: 43 57 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 33 67 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 24 76 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 22 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 24 76 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 29 71 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 29 71 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 26 74 Disambiguation of Terms with Korean translations: 23 77 Disambiguation of Terms with Mandarin translations: 7 93 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 29 71 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 24 76 Topics: human-sciences, linguistics, sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: chronolect, dialect

Inflected forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "topo",
        "3": "lect",
        "gloss1": "place",
        "gloss2": "􂀿language􂁀 variety"
      },
      "expansion": "topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”)",
      "name": "confix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Combination of topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”). Attested since the 1960s, but rare until its introduction by sinologist Victor Mair in 1991 to distinguish Chinese 方言 (fāngyán) from English dialect.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "topolects",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
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  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "chronolect"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "dialect"
    }
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  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Linguistics",
          "orig": "en:Linguistics",
          "parents": [
            "Language",
            "Social sciences",
            "Communication",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
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          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Sociolinguistics",
          "orig": "en:Sociolinguistics",
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            "Sociology",
            "Language",
            "Social sciences",
            "Communication",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Coordinate term: see sociolect § Coordinate terms"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1964, University of South Florida Language Quarterly, 2, page iii:",
          "text": "We can then establish and name further categories by means of the word \"group\" and the prefix \"sub-\", thus obtaining SUBDIALECT (\"Untermundart\") between topolect and dialect, DIALECT GROUP (\"Mundartengruppe\") between dialect and language, SUBFAMILY (\"Unterfamilie\") between language and family,",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1985, Jewish Language Review, 5:155:",
          "text": "The degree to which Yahudic lects differ from coterritorial non-Jewish lects varies spatially, chronologically, stylistically, and idiolectically (for this reason it is important to study each Yahudic topolect together with its coterritorial Arabic topolect if it has one).",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region."
      ],
      "id": "en-topolect-en-noun-dhx2FkUx",
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "sociolinguistics",
          "sociolinguistics"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech"
        ],
        [
          "variety",
          "variety"
        ],
        [
          "lect",
          "lect"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "region",
          "region"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(linguistics, sociolinguistics) The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "geolect"
        },
        {
          "word": "regiolect"
        },
        {
          "word": "regionalect"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences",
        "social-science",
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        "sociology"
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      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "fāngyán",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "word": "方言"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "word": "paikallismurre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "word": "aluemurre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "topolecte"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Topolekt"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "alt": "ほうげん",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "hōgen",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "word": "方言"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "roman": "bang'eon",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "word": "방언"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "topolékt",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "тополе́кт"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "note": "of Chinese topolects",
          "roman": "fanʺjánʹ",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "фанъя́нь"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "59 41",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "topolecto"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
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          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Linguistics",
          "orig": "en:Linguistics",
          "parents": [
            "Language",
            "Social sciences",
            "Communication",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "24 76",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "38 62",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms prefixed with topo-",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "43 57",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -lect",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "33 67",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "24 76",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 78",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "24 76",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 71",
          "kind": "other",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "29 71",
          "kind": "other",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 74",
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        {
          "_dis": "23 77",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 93",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
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        {
          "_dis": "29 71",
          "kind": "other",
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        {
          "_dis": "24 76",
          "kind": "other",
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          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
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        {
          "ref": "2007, Samuel Cole, “Learning Putonghua as an adult: a study of four Hong Kong teachers' experiences”, in The University of Hong Kong (Thesis), archived from the original on 2018-06-02:",
          "text": "Imminent Chinese linguist Zhou Youguang has said that everyone’s mother tongue is a topolect, whereas China’s standard spoken language has long been the “teacher tongue.”",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A regional variety of Chinese; especially a lect other than Standard Mandarin."
      ],
      "id": "en-topolect-en-noun-fPF0Rgi3",
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
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          "regional"
        ],
        [
          "Chinese",
          "Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Standard Mandarin",
          "Standard Mandarin"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(linguistics) A regional variety of Chinese; especially a lect other than Standard Mandarin."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
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          "word": "fangyan"
        },
        {
          "word": "regionalect"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "topolect"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms prefixed with topo-",
    "English terms suffixed with -lect",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Korean translations",
    "Terms with Mandarin translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "topo",
        "3": "lect",
        "gloss1": "place",
        "gloss2": "􂀿language􂁀 variety"
      },
      "expansion": "topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”)",
      "name": "confix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Combination of topo- (“place”) + -lect (“[language] variety”). Attested since the 1960s, but rare until its introduction by sinologist Victor Mair in 1991 to distinguish Chinese 方言 (fāngyán) from English dialect.",
  "forms": [
    {
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      "tags": [
        "plural"
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "topolect (plural topolects)",
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "chronolect"
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    {
      "word": "dialect"
    }
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  "senses": [
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      "categories": [
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        "Quotation templates to be cleaned",
        "en:Linguistics",
        "en:Sociolinguistics"
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      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Coordinate term: see sociolect § Coordinate terms"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1964, University of South Florida Language Quarterly, 2, page iii:",
          "text": "We can then establish and name further categories by means of the word \"group\" and the prefix \"sub-\", thus obtaining SUBDIALECT (\"Untermundart\") between topolect and dialect, DIALECT GROUP (\"Mundartengruppe\") between dialect and language, SUBFAMILY (\"Unterfamilie\") between language and family,",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1985, Jewish Language Review, 5:155:",
          "text": "The degree to which Yahudic lects differ from coterritorial non-Jewish lects varies spatially, chronologically, stylistically, and idiolectically (for this reason it is important to study each Yahudic topolect together with its coterritorial Arabic topolect if it has one).",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "sociolinguistics",
          "sociolinguistics"
        ],
        [
          "speech",
          "speech"
        ],
        [
          "variety",
          "variety"
        ],
        [
          "lect",
          "lect"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "region",
          "region"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(linguistics, sociolinguistics) The speech form, variety (lect) of a particular place or region."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "geolect"
        },
        {
          "word": "regiolect"
        },
        {
          "word": "regionalect"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences",
        "social-science",
        "sociolinguistics",
        "sociology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
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        "en:Linguistics"
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        {
          "ref": "2007, Samuel Cole, “Learning Putonghua as an adult: a study of four Hong Kong teachers' experiences”, in The University of Hong Kong (Thesis), archived from the original on 2018-06-02:",
          "text": "Imminent Chinese linguist Zhou Youguang has said that everyone’s mother tongue is a topolect, whereas China’s standard spoken language has long been the “teacher tongue.”",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A regional variety of Chinese; especially a lect other than Standard Mandarin."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "linguistics",
          "linguistics"
        ],
        [
          "regional",
          "regional"
        ],
        [
          "Chinese",
          "Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Standard Mandarin",
          "Standard Mandarin"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(linguistics) A regional variety of Chinese; especially a lect other than Standard Mandarin."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "fangyan"
        },
        {
          "word": "regionalect"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "human-sciences",
        "linguistics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "fāngyán",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "word": "方言"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "word": "paikallismurre"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "word": "aluemurre"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "topolecte"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Topolekt"
    },
    {
      "alt": "ほうげん",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "hōgen",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "word": "方言"
    },
    {
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "roman": "bang'eon",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "word": "방언"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "topolékt",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "тополе́кт"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "note": "of Chinese topolects",
      "roman": "fanʺjánʹ",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "фанъя́нь"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "speech-form or lect of a particular place",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "topolecto"
    }
  ],
  "word": "topolect"
}

Download raw JSONL data for topolect meaning in All languages combined (5.1kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.