See majhul on Wiktionary
{ "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "fa-cls", "3": "مَجْهُول" }, "expansion": "Borrowed from Classical Persian مَجْهُول (majhūl)", "name": "bor+" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "مَجْهُول", "t": "unknown" }, "expansion": "Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl, “unknown”)", "name": "der" } ], "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Classical Persian مَجْهُول (majhūl), from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl, “unknown”).", "forms": [ { "form": "majhuls", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "majhul (plural majhuls)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "antonyms": [ { "word": "ma'ruf" } ], "categories": [ { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Linguistics", "orig": "en:Linguistics", "parents": [ "Language", "Social sciences", "Communication", "Sciences", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 2 entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1902, Indo-Iranian phonology (Indo-Iranian Series), volume 2, United States: The Columbia University Press:", "text": "The New Persian [of Iran], as is well known, has confused in many words the majhūl (' unknown [to the Arabs]' =Persian sounds) vowels ē, ō with the ma'rūf ('known [to the Arabs]'=Arabic sounds) vowels ī, ū.\n The Judaeo-Persian and the Baluci, like the Indian pronunciation of New Persian, maintain clearly the original distinction between the majhūl and the ma'rūf vowels.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1919, D.C. Phillott, Higher Persian Grammar:", "text": "The majhul sounds o and e are still preserved in the Persian spoken by Afghans and Indians, but they are now unknown in Persia.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1975, MMT Henderson, Diglossia in Kabul Persian Phonology:", "text": "[Kabuli Persian] differs from [Tehrani Persian] in that it has retained the old majhul vowels e and o, which have merged with i and u in [Tehrani Persian]", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2011 August 17, Corey Miller, edited by Wai Sum LEE, Eric ZEE, Proceedings Of The 17th International Congress Of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, →ISBN:", "text": "Another process that has resulted in [u] in Iranian Persian is the change from the majhul /ō/, which is still preserved in Afghanistan.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2006 December 15, Prods Oktor Skjærvø, “IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (3) Writing Systems”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume XIII, pages 366-370:", "text": "Literary Kurdish in Iraq, Persia, and the Soviet Union written in this script employs a circumflex accent placed above the letters to distinguish non-Persian sounds: with w and y to denote majhul vowels (ō, ē).", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "A vowel phoneme that does not have a phonemic equivalent in Classical Arabic." ], "id": "en-majhul-en-noun-ZqHYNiu7", "links": [ [ "linguistics", "linguistics" ], [ "class", "class#English" ], [ "vowel", "vowel#English" ], [ "Arabic script", "w:Arabic script" ], [ "Classical Persian", "w:Classical Persian" ], [ "Dari Persian", "Dari#English" ], [ "Kurdish", "Kurdish#English" ], [ "Pashto", "Pashto#English" ], [ "Punjabi", "Punjabi#English" ], [ "Urdu", "Urdu#English" ], [ "vowel", "vowel" ], [ "phoneme", "phoneme" ], [ "phonemic", "phonemic" ], [ "Classical Arabic", "Classical Arabic" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(linguistics) A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "A vowel phoneme that does not have a phonemic equivalent in Classical Arabic." ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "linguistics", "sciences" ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "topical", "langcode": "en", "name": "Linguistics", "orig": "en:Linguistics", "parents": [ "Language", "Social sciences", "Communication", "Sciences", "Society", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 2 entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1921, “The Unknown Yā in Persian”, in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, volumes 3-4, pages 86-87:", "text": "[...] there are two kinds of Yā in Persian, namely, the Ma'rūf and the Majhūl. The Ma'rūf or known Yā is the Yā which occurs in such words as رقیب, تیر, شیر (milk), دید, پیل etc., while the Majhūl or Unknown Yā occurs in words such as خویش, تیز, شیر (lion), سپید etc.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1910, R. C. Busher, A Complete Urdu Course Consisting of the Essentials of Grammar, Progressive Exercises, Readinglessons and Vocabularies, Longmans, Green and Co.:", "text": "If the stem ends in either ی-ma'rūf (i) or ی-majhul (e), the letter ج is inserted, for the sake of euphony, between the stem and the termination: e.g., from پینا to drink, we have پینجیئے, پیجیو, and پیجییگا, from دینا we have دیجیئے, etc.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1872, John Dowson, A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language:", "text": "Mârūf مَعروُف and majhul مَجھوُل, known and un-known. These Arabic terms are applied to the letters و wāo and ی ye. In Arabic the simple vowel sounds of these two letters are ū and ī, the sounds o and e are unknown in that language; so ū and ī are said to be mârūf, but o and e are majhūl. The majhūl sounds are sometimes called Âjamī or Persian.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1844, Duncan Forbes, A grammar of the Persian language to which is added a selection of easy extracts for reading together with a copious vocabulary, Allen & Madden, page 15:", "text": "Thirdly, to distinguish between the majhūl and ma'rūf sounds of و and ي, the following rule is observed. When و and ي follow a consonant, unmarked by a short vowel or jazm, they are understood to have the majhul sound, or that of ō and ê respectively, as in مور mōr, \"an ant,\" and شیر shêr, \"a lion.\" If, on the other hand, the consonant preceding و have the vowel ـُ, and that preceding ي the vowel ـِ, they have the ma'rūf sound, or that of u in rule and i in machine respectively, as in the words شُود šūd, \"gain,\" and شِیر, shīr, \"milk\": and if the preceding consonant be marked with jazm, و and ي are consonants.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "The pronunciation, or reading, of a semivowel or other vocalic character as a vowel phoneme that is different from the one it typically corresponds to in Classical Arabic. Contrasted with ma'ruf." ], "id": "en-majhul-en-noun-R9RYEyA5", "links": [ [ "linguistics", "linguistics" ], [ "class", "class#English" ], [ "vowel", "vowel#English" ], [ "Arabic script", "w:Arabic script" ], [ "Classical Persian", "w:Classical Persian" ], [ "Dari Persian", "Dari#English" ], [ "Kurdish", "Kurdish#English" ], [ "Pashto", "Pashto#English" ], [ "Punjabi", "Punjabi#English" ], [ "Urdu", "Urdu#English" ], [ "pronunciation", "pronunciation" ], [ "reading", "reading" ], [ "semivowel", "semivowel" ], [ "vocalic", "vocalic" ], [ "character", "character" ], [ "Classical Arabic", "Classical Arabic" ], [ "ma'ruf", "ma'ruf" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(linguistics) A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "(by extension) The pronunciation, or reading, of a semivowel or other vocalic character as a vowel phoneme that is different from the one it typically corresponds to in Classical Arabic. Contrasted with ma'ruf." ], "tags": [ "broadly" ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "linguistics", "sciences" ] } ], "synonyms": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "majhūl" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "majhool" } ], "word": "majhul" } { "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "uz", "2": "ar", "3": "مَجْهُول" }, "expansion": "Borrowed from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl)", "name": "bor+" }, { "args": { "1": "uz", "2": "ar", "3": "ج ه ل" }, "expansion": "", "name": "root" } ], "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl).", "forms": [ { "form": "majhulroq", "tags": [ "comparative" ] }, { "form": "eng majhul", "tags": [ "superlative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "majhul (comparative majhulroq, superlative eng majhul)", "name": "uz-adj" } ], "lang": "Uzbek", "lang_code": "uz", "pos": "adj", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 2 entries", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Uzbek entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w" } ], "glosses": [ "unknown" ], "id": "en-majhul-uz-adj-sjpqhDnA", "links": [ [ "unknown", "unknown" ] ] } ], "word": "majhul" }
{ "categories": [ "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms borrowed from Classical Persian", "English terms derived from Arabic", "English terms derived from Classical Persian", "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries" ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "fa-cls", "3": "مَجْهُول" }, "expansion": "Borrowed from Classical Persian مَجْهُول (majhūl)", "name": "bor+" }, { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "ar", "3": "مَجْهُول", "t": "unknown" }, "expansion": "Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl, “unknown”)", "name": "der" } ], "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Classical Persian مَجْهُول (majhūl), from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl, “unknown”).", "forms": [ { "form": "majhuls", "tags": [ "plural" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "majhul (plural majhuls)", "name": "en-noun" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "antonyms": [ { "word": "ma'ruf" } ], "categories": [ "English terms with quotations", "en:Linguistics" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1902, Indo-Iranian phonology (Indo-Iranian Series), volume 2, United States: The Columbia University Press:", "text": "The New Persian [of Iran], as is well known, has confused in many words the majhūl (' unknown [to the Arabs]' =Persian sounds) vowels ē, ō with the ma'rūf ('known [to the Arabs]'=Arabic sounds) vowels ī, ū.\n The Judaeo-Persian and the Baluci, like the Indian pronunciation of New Persian, maintain clearly the original distinction between the majhūl and the ma'rūf vowels.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1919, D.C. Phillott, Higher Persian Grammar:", "text": "The majhul sounds o and e are still preserved in the Persian spoken by Afghans and Indians, but they are now unknown in Persia.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1975, MMT Henderson, Diglossia in Kabul Persian Phonology:", "text": "[Kabuli Persian] differs from [Tehrani Persian] in that it has retained the old majhul vowels e and o, which have merged with i and u in [Tehrani Persian]", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2011 August 17, Corey Miller, edited by Wai Sum LEE, Eric ZEE, Proceedings Of The 17th International Congress Of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, →ISBN:", "text": "Another process that has resulted in [u] in Iranian Persian is the change from the majhul /ō/, which is still preserved in Afghanistan.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "2006 December 15, Prods Oktor Skjærvø, “IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (3) Writing Systems”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, volume XIII, pages 366-370:", "text": "Literary Kurdish in Iraq, Persia, and the Soviet Union written in this script employs a circumflex accent placed above the letters to distinguish non-Persian sounds: with w and y to denote majhul vowels (ō, ē).", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "A vowel phoneme that does not have a phonemic equivalent in Classical Arabic." ], "links": [ [ "linguistics", "linguistics" ], [ "class", "class#English" ], [ "vowel", "vowel#English" ], [ "Arabic script", "w:Arabic script" ], [ "Classical Persian", "w:Classical Persian" ], [ "Dari Persian", "Dari#English" ], [ "Kurdish", "Kurdish#English" ], [ "Pashto", "Pashto#English" ], [ "Punjabi", "Punjabi#English" ], [ "Urdu", "Urdu#English" ], [ "vowel", "vowel" ], [ "phoneme", "phoneme" ], [ "phonemic", "phonemic" ], [ "Classical Arabic", "Classical Arabic" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(linguistics) A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "A vowel phoneme that does not have a phonemic equivalent in Classical Arabic." ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "linguistics", "sciences" ] }, { "categories": [ "English terms with quotations", "en:Linguistics" ], "examples": [ { "ref": "1921, “The Unknown Yā in Persian”, in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, volumes 3-4, pages 86-87:", "text": "[...] there are two kinds of Yā in Persian, namely, the Ma'rūf and the Majhūl. The Ma'rūf or known Yā is the Yā which occurs in such words as رقیب, تیر, شیر (milk), دید, پیل etc., while the Majhūl or Unknown Yā occurs in words such as خویش, تیز, شیر (lion), سپید etc.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1910, R. C. Busher, A Complete Urdu Course Consisting of the Essentials of Grammar, Progressive Exercises, Readinglessons and Vocabularies, Longmans, Green and Co.:", "text": "If the stem ends in either ی-ma'rūf (i) or ی-majhul (e), the letter ج is inserted, for the sake of euphony, between the stem and the termination: e.g., from پینا to drink, we have پینجیئے, پیجیو, and پیجییگا, from دینا we have دیجیئے, etc.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1872, John Dowson, A Grammar of the Urdū Or Hindūstānī Language:", "text": "Mârūf مَعروُف and majhul مَجھوُل, known and un-known. These Arabic terms are applied to the letters و wāo and ی ye. In Arabic the simple vowel sounds of these two letters are ū and ī, the sounds o and e are unknown in that language; so ū and ī are said to be mârūf, but o and e are majhūl. The majhūl sounds are sometimes called Âjamī or Persian.", "type": "quote" }, { "ref": "1844, Duncan Forbes, A grammar of the Persian language to which is added a selection of easy extracts for reading together with a copious vocabulary, Allen & Madden, page 15:", "text": "Thirdly, to distinguish between the majhūl and ma'rūf sounds of و and ي, the following rule is observed. When و and ي follow a consonant, unmarked by a short vowel or jazm, they are understood to have the majhul sound, or that of ō and ê respectively, as in مور mōr, \"an ant,\" and شیر shêr, \"a lion.\" If, on the other hand, the consonant preceding و have the vowel ـُ, and that preceding ي the vowel ـِ, they have the ma'rūf sound, or that of u in rule and i in machine respectively, as in the words شُود šūd, \"gain,\" and شِیر, shīr, \"milk\": and if the preceding consonant be marked with jazm, و and ي are consonants.", "type": "quote" } ], "glosses": [ "A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "The pronunciation, or reading, of a semivowel or other vocalic character as a vowel phoneme that is different from the one it typically corresponds to in Classical Arabic. Contrasted with ma'ruf." ], "links": [ [ "linguistics", "linguistics" ], [ "class", "class#English" ], [ "vowel", "vowel#English" ], [ "Arabic script", "w:Arabic script" ], [ "Classical Persian", "w:Classical Persian" ], [ "Dari Persian", "Dari#English" ], [ "Kurdish", "Kurdish#English" ], [ "Pashto", "Pashto#English" ], [ "Punjabi", "Punjabi#English" ], [ "Urdu", "Urdu#English" ], [ "pronunciation", "pronunciation" ], [ "reading", "reading" ], [ "semivowel", "semivowel" ], [ "vocalic", "vocalic" ], [ "character", "character" ], [ "Classical Arabic", "Classical Arabic" ], [ "ma'ruf", "ma'ruf" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(linguistics) A class of vowel used in various Arabic script languages, including Classical Persian, Dari Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi and Urdu, among others:", "(by extension) The pronunciation, or reading, of a semivowel or other vocalic character as a vowel phoneme that is different from the one it typically corresponds to in Classical Arabic. Contrasted with ma'ruf." ], "tags": [ "broadly" ], "topics": [ "human-sciences", "linguistics", "sciences" ] } ], "synonyms": [ { "word": "majhūl" }, { "word": "majhool" } ], "word": "majhul" } { "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "uz", "2": "ar", "3": "مَجْهُول" }, "expansion": "Borrowed from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl)", "name": "bor+" }, { "args": { "1": "uz", "2": "ar", "3": "ج ه ل" }, "expansion": "", "name": "root" } ], "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Arabic مَجْهُول (majhūl).", "forms": [ { "form": "majhulroq", "tags": [ "comparative" ] }, { "form": "eng majhul", "tags": [ "superlative" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "majhul (comparative majhulroq, superlative eng majhul)", "name": "uz-adj" } ], "lang": "Uzbek", "lang_code": "uz", "pos": "adj", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "Pages with 2 entries", "Pages with entries", "Uzbek adjectives", "Uzbek entries with incorrect language header", "Uzbek lemmas", "Uzbek terms borrowed from Arabic", "Uzbek terms derived from Arabic", "Uzbek terms derived from the Arabic root ج ه ل", "Uzbek terms with redundant head parameter" ], "glosses": [ "unknown" ], "links": [ [ "unknown", "unknown" ] ] } ], "word": "majhul" }
Download raw JSONL data for majhul meaning in All languages combined (8.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (b941637 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.