See kukuh on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-cet-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kvh",
"2": "wuku"
},
"expansion": "Komodo: wuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Komodo: wuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mqy",
"2": "huku"
},
"expansion": "Manggarai: huku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manggarai: huku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pqe-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-oce-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhy",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Ma'anyan: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ma'anyan: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mg",
"2": "hoho"
},
"expansion": "Malagasy: hoho",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Malagasy: hoho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sama-Bajaw:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sml",
"2": "kukku",
"3": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjm",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mapun: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mapun: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yka",
"2": "kukku"
},
"expansion": "Yakan: kukku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakan: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "*kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celebic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mzq",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mori Atas: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mori Atas: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wow",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Wawonii: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wawonii: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Moklenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwt",
"2": "kekoi"
},
"expansion": "Moken: kekoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moken: kekoi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkm",
"2": "kukoi"
},
"expansion": "Moklen: kukoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moklen: kukoi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-msa-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mcm-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cmc-pro",
"2": "*kukɔw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mly-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "su",
"2": "ᮊᮥᮊᮥ"
},
"expansion": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"lang_code": "poz-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kukuh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nail (on fingers and toes)"
],
"id": "en-kukuh-poz-pro-noun-Azlh4wh4",
"links": [
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kukuh/"
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "berkukuh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "bersikukuh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "kekukuhan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "memperkukuh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "mengukuhi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "mengukuhkan"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "pengukuhan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Malay kukuh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*kukuq",
"t": "stick to, adhere firmly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kukuq",
"t": "stick to, adhere firmly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "kokoh"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of kokoh",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Malay kukuh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”), from Proto-Austronesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”). Doublet of kokoh",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "id-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧kuh"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tenacious"
],
"id": "en-kukuh-id-adj-wa4NJ5i~",
"links": [
[
"tenacious",
"tenacious"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 76 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 66 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"solid: strong or unyielding."
],
"id": "en-kukuh-id-adj-0ubni5Fb",
"links": [
[
"solid",
"solid"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tough, sturdy: strong and resilient."
],
"id": "en-kukuh-id-adj-s-j2b2oG",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"sturdy",
"sturdy"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkukuh/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈku.kʊh]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukuh"
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jv",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "jv-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Javanese",
"lang_code": "jv",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Javanese romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Javanese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Romanization of ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ."
],
"id": "en-kukuh-jv-romanization-wU9g4ghh",
"links": [
[
"ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ",
"ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ#Javanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trv",
"2": "map-ata-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Atayalic [Term?]",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trv",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Atayalic [Term?], from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trv",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Taroko",
"lang_code": "trv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Taroko entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "trv",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "trv:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fingernail; toenail"
],
"id": "en-kukuh-trv-noun-GbUCZP7T",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"fingernail",
"fingernail"
],
[
"toenail",
"toenail"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) fingernail; toenail"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bno",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Asi: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asi: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bcl",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Bikol Central: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bikol Central: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ceb",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Cebuano: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cebuano: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ilo",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Ilocano: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ilocano: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ivv",
"2": "kokoh"
},
"expansion": "Ivatan: kokoh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ivatan: kokoh"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmk",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Limos Kalinga: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limos Kalinga: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mrw",
"2": "kanoko"
},
"expansion": "Maranao: kanoko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Maranao: kanoko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tagalog: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tsg",
"2": "kukku"
},
"expansion": "Tausug: kukku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tausug: kukku"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Philippine",
"lang_code": "phi-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Philippine/kukuh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Philippine entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nail (on fingers and toes)"
],
"id": "en-kukuh-phi-pro-noun-Azlh4wh4",
"links": [
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian 2-syllable words",
"Indonesian adjectives",
"Indonesian doublets",
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian terms derived from Malay",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Indonesian terms inherited from Malay",
"Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian",
"Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/ukuh",
"Rhymes:Indonesian/ukuh/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "berkukuh"
},
{
"word": "bersikukuh"
},
{
"word": "kekukuhan"
},
{
"word": "memperkukuh"
},
{
"word": "mengukuhi"
},
{
"word": "mengukuhkan"
},
{
"word": "pengukuhan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Malay kukuh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*kukuq",
"t": "stick to, adhere firmly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kukuq",
"t": "stick to, adhere firmly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "kokoh"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of kokoh",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Malay kukuh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”), from Proto-Austronesian *kukuq (“stick to, adhere firmly”). Doublet of kokoh",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "",
"pl": "-"
},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "id-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ku‧kuh"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tenacious"
],
"links": [
[
"tenacious",
"tenacious"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"solid: strong or unyielding."
],
"links": [
[
"solid",
"solid"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"tough, sturdy: strong and resilient."
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"sturdy",
"sturdy"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkukuh/",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈku.kʊh]",
"tags": [
"Standard-Indonesian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ukuh"
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jv",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "jv-rom"
}
],
"lang": "Javanese",
"lang_code": "jv",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ"
}
],
"categories": [
"Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Javanese non-lemma forms",
"Javanese romanizations",
"Javanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Romanization of ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ."
],
"links": [
[
"ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ",
"ꦏꦸꦏꦸꦃ#Javanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-cet-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kvh",
"2": "wuku"
},
"expansion": "Komodo: wuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Komodo: wuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mqy",
"2": "huku"
},
"expansion": "Manggarai: huku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manggarai: huku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pqe-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-oce-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhy",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Ma'anyan: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ma'anyan: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mg",
"2": "hoho"
},
"expansion": "Malagasy: hoho",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Malagasy: hoho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sama-Bajaw:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sml",
"2": "kukku",
"3": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjm",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mapun: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mapun: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yka",
"2": "kukku"
},
"expansion": "Yakan: kukku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakan: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "*kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celebic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mzq",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mori Atas: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mori Atas: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wow",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Wawonii: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wawonii: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Moklenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwt",
"2": "kekoi"
},
"expansion": "Moken: kekoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moken: kekoi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkm",
"2": "kukoi"
},
"expansion": "Moklen: kukoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moklen: kukoi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-msa-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mcm-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cmc-pro",
"2": "*kukɔw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mly-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "su",
"2": "ᮊᮥᮊᮥ"
},
"expansion": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"lang_code": "poz-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kukuh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian lemmas",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian nouns",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian"
],
"glosses": [
"nail (on fingers and toes)"
],
"links": [
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kukuh/"
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bno",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Asi: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asi: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bcl",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Bikol Central: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bikol Central: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ceb",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Cebuano: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cebuano: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ilo",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Ilocano: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ilocano: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ivv",
"2": "kokoh"
},
"expansion": "Ivatan: kokoh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ivatan: kokoh"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmk",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Limos Kalinga: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Limos Kalinga: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mrw",
"2": "kanoko"
},
"expansion": "Maranao: kanoko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Maranao: kanoko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "kuko"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog: kuko",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tagalog: kuko"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tsg",
"2": "kukku"
},
"expansion": "Tausug: kukku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tausug: kukku"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Philippine",
"lang_code": "phi-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Philippine/kukuh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Philippine entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Philippine lemmas",
"Proto-Philippine nouns",
"Proto-Philippine terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Proto-Philippine terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Proto-Philippine terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian",
"Proto-Philippine terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian"
],
"glosses": [
"nail (on fingers and toes)"
],
"links": [
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trv",
"2": "map-ata-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Atayalic [Term?]",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trv",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Atayalic [Term?], from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trv",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Taroko",
"lang_code": "trv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Atayalic term requests",
"Taroko entries with incorrect language header",
"Taroko lemmas",
"Taroko nouns",
"Taroko terms derived from Proto-Atayalic",
"Taroko terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Taroko terms inherited from Proto-Atayalic",
"Taroko terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian",
"trv:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"fingernail; toenail"
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"fingernail",
"fingernail"
],
[
"toenail",
"toenail"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) fingernail; toenail"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kukuh meaning in All languages combined (12.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.