See kukuh in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-cet-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kvh",
"2": "wuku"
},
"expansion": "Komodo: wuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Komodo: wuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mqy",
"2": "huku"
},
"expansion": "Manggarai: huku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manggarai: huku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pqe-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-oce-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhy",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Ma'anyan: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ma'anyan: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mg",
"2": "hoho"
},
"expansion": "Malagasy: hoho",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Malagasy: hoho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sama-Bajaw:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sml",
"2": "kukku",
"3": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjm",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mapun: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mapun: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yka",
"2": "kukku"
},
"expansion": "Yakan: kukku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakan: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "*kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celebic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mzq",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mori Atas: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mori Atas: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wow",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Wawonii: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wawonii: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Moklenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwt",
"2": "kekoi"
},
"expansion": "Moken: kekoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moken: kekoi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkm",
"2": "kukoi"
},
"expansion": "Moklen: kukoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moklen: kukoi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-msa-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mcm-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cmc-pro",
"2": "*kukɔw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mly-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "su",
"2": "ᮊᮥᮊᮥ"
},
"expansion": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"lang_code": "poz-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kukuh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nail (on fingers and toes)"
],
"id": "en-kukuh-poz-pro-noun-Azlh4wh4",
"links": [
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kukuh/"
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-cet-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kvh",
"2": "wuku"
},
"expansion": "Komodo: wuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Komodo: wuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mqy",
"2": "huku"
},
"expansion": "Manggarai: huku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manggarai: huku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pqe-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-oce-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Oceanic: *kuku\nCentral-Eastern Oceanic:\nCentral Oceanic:\nEast Fijian-Polynesian:\nFijian: kuku\nProto-Polynesian: *akikuku, *matikuku, *maqikuku (see there for further descendants)\nWest Fijian-Rotuman:\nRotuman: mänʻuʻu\nWestern Fijian: kuku\nMicronesian:\nChuukese: kkú\nPohnpeian: kihk\nWoleaian: kiu\nSoutheast Solomonic:\nGela: gugu\nWestern Oceanic:\nNakanai: lakuku\nNumbami: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Western Malayo-Polynesian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Barito:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhy",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Ma'anyan: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ma'anyan: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mg",
"2": "hoho"
},
"expansion": "Malagasy: hoho",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Malagasy: hoho"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sama-Bajaw:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sml",
"2": "kukku",
"3": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Central Sama: kukku, kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sjm",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mapun: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mapun: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yka",
"2": "kukku"
},
"expansion": "Yakan: kukku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakan: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phi-pro",
"2": "*kukuh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Philippine: *kukuh\nAsi: kuko\nBikol Central: kuko\nCebuano: kuko\nIlocano: kuko\nIvatan: kokoh\nLimos Kalinga: kuku\nMaranao: kanoko\nTagalog: kuko\nTausug: kukku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Celebic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mzq",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Mori Atas: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mori Atas: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wow",
"2": "kuku"
},
"expansion": "Wawonii: kuku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wawonii: kuku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Moklenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwt",
"2": "kekoi"
},
"expansion": "Moken: kekoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moken: kekoi"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mkm",
"2": "kukoi"
},
"expansion": "Moklen: kukoi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Moklen: kukoi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-msa-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mcm-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayo-Chamic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cmc-pro",
"2": "*kukɔw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Chamic: *kukɔw\nAcehnese: gukèë, gukee\nCoastal Chamic:\nCham:\nEastern Cham: kakŏw\nWestern Cham: kakau\nHaroi: kờkău\nHighlands Chamic:\nJarai: tơkâo\nRade: kkâo\nNorthern Chamic:\nTsat: kaw²¹"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-mly-pro",
"2": "*kuku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Malayic: *kuku\nIban: kukut\nKendayan: kuku\nMalayan:\nBrunei Malay: kuku\nMalay: kuku\nIndonesian: kuku\nMinangkabau: kuku\nUrak Lawoi': กูกู (kuku)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "su",
"2": "ᮊᮥᮊᮥ"
},
"expansion": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sundanese: ᮊᮥᮊᮥ (kuku)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*kuSkuS"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier *kuhkuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "poz-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*kukuh",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"lang_code": "poz-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kukuh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian lemmas",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian nouns",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian"
],
"glosses": [
"nail (on fingers and toes)"
],
"links": [
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kukuh/"
}
],
"word": "kukuh"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kukuh meaning in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (6.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Malayo-Polynesian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.