See katorga on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ка́торга",
"4": "",
"5": "penal servitude"
},
"expansion": "Russian ка́торга (kátorga, “penal servitude”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Russian ка́торга (kátorga, “penal servitude”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "katorgas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "katorga (countable and uncountable, plural katorgas)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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{
"ref": "1912, Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:",
"text": "Sentenced to ten years of hard labor in the Siberian mines, he defied the Russian tyrant by his funeral oration at the grave of Dmokhovsky, his boldness resulting in an additional fifteen years of katorga.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1991, Alan Wood, The History of Siberia: from Russian conquest to revolution:",
"text": "However, brutal floggings, increased terms of katorga, starvation diets, permanent chaining to a wheelbarrow and other fearsome sanctions failed to staunch the flow.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Edward Crankshaw, Cracks in the Kremlin Wall:",
"text": "Under the Bolsheviks there was going to be an end to the katorga.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp."
],
"id": "en-katorga-en-noun-opQrq7go",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kátarha",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́тарга"
},
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kátorga",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "katorga"
},
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "katorga"
},
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kátorga",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kátorha",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"_dis1": "58 42",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "qaatırga",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"word": "хаатырга"
}
]
},
{
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{
"_dis": "43 57",
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},
{
"_dis": "42 58",
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"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 31 14 4 14 16",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 31 14 2 14 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
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"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yakut translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Tsarist or Soviet labour camp."
],
"id": "en-katorga-en-noun-O1bi-Ckt",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "32 68",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "katorga"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 68",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kátorga",
"sense": "a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 68",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "qaatırga",
"sense": "a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp",
"word": "хаатырга"
}
]
}
],
"word": "katorga"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "katorżny"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "katorżnik"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ка́торга"
},
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"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gkm",
"3": "κάτεργον",
"4": "",
"5": "galley; penal labor"
},
"expansion": "Byzantine Greek κάτεργον (kátergon, “galley; penal labor”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κάτεργος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κάτεργος (kátergos)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ка́торга (kátorga), from Byzantine Greek κάτεργον (kátergon, “galley; penal labor”), from Ancient Greek κάτεργος (kátergos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "katorga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katordze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katordze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "katorga f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ka‧tor‧ga"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "katorżniczy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Soviet Union",
"orig": "pl:Soviet Union",
"parents": [
"Former countries and country-like entities",
"Country-like entities",
"Polities",
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"id": "en-katorga-pl-noun-9miEGIry",
"links": [
[
"Soviet Union",
"Soviet Union"
],
[
"katorga",
"katorga#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "Soviet Union",
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, Soviet Union) katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chore"
],
"id": "en-katorga-pl-noun-h4BkNLGw",
"links": [
[
"chore",
"chore"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈtɔr.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔrɡa"
}
],
"word": "katorga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "katorgas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "katorga f (plural katorgas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"id": "en-katorga-pt-noun-9miEGIry",
"links": [
[
"katorga",
"katorga#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 83",
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pt",
"name": "Russia",
"orig": "pt:Russia",
"parents": [
"Countries",
"Countries in Asia",
"Countries in Europe",
"Polities",
"Places",
"Asia",
"Europe",
"Names",
"Earth",
"Eurasia",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Nature",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 65",
"kind": "place",
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"Country-like entities",
"Polities",
"Places",
"Names",
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"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"katorga (a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"id": "en-katorga-pt-noun-n0cYhFJU",
"links": [
[
"katorga",
"katorga#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) katorga (a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical"
]
}
],
"word": "katorga"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Russian",
"English terms derived from Russian",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Yakut translations",
"pt:Russia",
"pt:Soviet Union"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ка́торга",
"4": "",
"5": "penal servitude"
},
"expansion": "Russian ка́торга (kátorga, “penal servitude”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Russian ка́торга (kátorga, “penal servitude”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "katorgas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "katorga (countable and uncountable, plural katorgas)",
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}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1912, Alexander Berkman, Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:",
"text": "Sentenced to ten years of hard labor in the Siberian mines, he defied the Russian tyrant by his funeral oration at the grave of Dmokhovsky, his boldness resulting in an additional fifteen years of katorga.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1991, Alan Wood, The History of Siberia: from Russian conquest to revolution:",
"text": "However, brutal floggings, increased terms of katorga, starvation diets, permanent chaining to a wheelbarrow and other fearsome sanctions failed to staunch the flow.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Edward Crankshaw, Cracks in the Kremlin Wall:",
"text": "Under the Bolsheviks there was going to be an end to the katorga.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A Tsarist or Soviet labour camp."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "kátarha",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́тарга"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kátorga",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "katorga"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "katorga"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kátorga",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kátorha",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "qaatırga",
"sense": "penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp",
"word": "хаатырга"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "katorga"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "kátorga",
"sense": "a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ка́торга"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "qaatırga",
"sense": "a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp",
"word": "хаатырга"
}
],
"word": "katorga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from Russian",
"Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Polish terms derived from Byzantine Greek",
"Polish terms derived from Russian",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔrɡa",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔrɡa/3 syllables",
"pt:Russia",
"pt:Soviet Union"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "katorżny"
},
{
"word": "katorżnik"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ка́торга"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Russian ка́торга (kátorga)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gkm",
"3": "κάτεργον",
"4": "",
"5": "galley; penal labor"
},
"expansion": "Byzantine Greek κάτεργον (kátergon, “galley; penal labor”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "κάτεργος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κάτεργος (kátergos)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian ка́торга (kátorga), from Byzantine Greek κάτεργον (kátergon, “galley; penal labor”), from Ancient Greek κάτεργος (kátergos).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "katorga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katordze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katordze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "katorgi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "katorga f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ka‧tor‧ga"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "katorżniczy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with historical senses",
"pl:Soviet Union"
],
"glosses": [
"katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"links": [
[
"Soviet Union",
"Soviet Union"
],
[
"katorga",
"katorga#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "Soviet Union",
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, Soviet Union) katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chore"
],
"links": [
[
"chore",
"chore"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kaˈtɔr.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔrɡa"
}
],
"word": "katorga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms spelled with K",
"pt:Russia",
"pt:Soviet Union"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "katorgas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "katorga f (plural katorgas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"links": [
[
"katorga",
"katorga#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) katorga (penal servitude in a Russian or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"katorga (a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"links": [
[
"katorga",
"katorga#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) katorga (a Tsarist or Soviet labour camp)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"historical"
]
}
],
"word": "katorga"
}
Download raw JSONL data for katorga meaning in All languages combined (8.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (b81b832 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.