See gmina on Wiktionary
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"3": "gmina"
},
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"name": "bor"
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{
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"2": "gmh",
"3": "gemeine"
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"expansion": "Middle High German gemeine",
"name": "der"
},
{
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"1": "en",
"2": "mean",
"3": "common",
"4": "commune"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of mean, common, and commune",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Polish gmina, from Middle High German gemeine, gemeinde. Doublet of mean, common, and commune.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gminas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
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{
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"plural"
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}
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
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}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "urban-rural gmina"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1983, Edward D[avis] Wynot, Jr., “Notes to Chapter Three”, in Warsaw Between the World Wars: Profile of the Capital City in a Developing Land, 1918-1939 (East European Monographs; CXXIX), Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Columbia University Press, →ISBN, note 9, page 320:",
"text": "Details of the growth rates of individual gminy are in Skorowidz gmin Rzeczypospolitej Polski, Statystyka Polski GSU, Series B, pt. 1, no. 8 (Warsaw, 1933), p. 61.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1994 December, “[[Public Sector Reform: Reducing the Size of the State] Decentralization of the Public Sector] Three Years of Decentralization”, in Poland: Policies for Growth with Equity (A World Bank Country Study), Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, →ISBN, page 56:",
"text": "The current administration withdrew the legislative proposal to create powaits but maintained the decision of the previous administration to move forward on a powait pilot program. The pilot program is limited to the 46 gminy with populations of nine than 100,000, which together account for about one-third of Poland’s population. The powiat pilot program was launched in January 1994. At that time, agreements with 43 gminy were in force, and gminy were responsible for education (35 gminy), secondary health (32), social welfare (19), and culture (30) (see box 2.5).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Robert E[dward] Blobaum, “[Russian State, Polish Society] The Impact of Agrarian Reform”, in Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904–1907, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, published 2016, →ISBN, page 14:",
"text": "These institutions of self-government in the Polish countryside, initially designed to empower the peasantry at the expense of the manors, were gradually transformed into instruments of the ruling bureaucracy. Centralization and merger of gminy provided one means to this end. Of the 3,083 gminy in existence in 1864, only 1,287 remained forty years later. The contraction of gminy made it easier for centrally appointed county officials to interfere in local affairs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"commune; municipality; township; the smallest administrative territorial division and the first level of regional government in Poland"
],
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[
"commune",
"commune#English"
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[
"municipality",
"municipality#English"
],
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"township#English"
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[
"administrative",
"administrative#English"
],
[
"territorial",
"territorial#English"
],
[
"division",
"division#English"
],
[
"Poland",
"Poland#English"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"gmina"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡəˈmiːnə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡmiːnə/"
}
],
"word": "gmina"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
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"args": {
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"2": "gmina",
"bor": "1"
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"expansion": "→ English: gmina",
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"text": "→ English: gmina"
},
{
"depth": 1,
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"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "ґміна",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)"
}
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"2": "de",
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"2": "gmin"
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{
"form": "gm.",
"tags": [
"abbreviation"
]
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{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
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"table-tags"
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"source": "declension",
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{
"form": "gmina",
"source": "declension",
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"singular"
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},
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"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
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"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
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"singular"
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},
{
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"source": "declension",
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"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminie",
"source": "declension",
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"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminom",
"source": "declension",
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"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminę",
"source": "declension",
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"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
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"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminą",
"source": "declension",
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"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gmino",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
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"source": "declension",
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"vocative"
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},
"expansion": "gmina f (abbreviation gm.)",
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"gmi‧na"
],
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{
"args": {},
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],
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"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish metonyms",
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},
{
"_dis": "29 27 27 18",
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},
{
"_dis": "32 25 25 19",
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"gmina (people living in such a division)"
],
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[
"gmina",
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],
[
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"commune"
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[
"municipality",
"municipality"
],
[
"township",
"township"
],
[
"powiat",
"powiat#Polish"
],
[
"województwo",
"województwo#Polish"
]
],
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"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"(metonymically) gmina (people living in such a division)"
],
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"Society",
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"Fundamental"
],
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{
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],
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"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Poland",
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"Europe",
"Earth",
"Eurasia",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
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}
],
"glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"gmina office (headquarters of such a district)"
],
"id": "en-gmina-pl-noun-tC3Rygeh",
"links": [
[
"gmina",
"gmina#English"
],
[
"commune",
"commune"
],
[
"municipality",
"municipality"
],
[
"township",
"township"
],
[
"powiat",
"powiat#Polish"
],
[
"województwo",
"województwo#Polish"
],
[
"government",
"government"
],
[
"office",
"office"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"(government, metonymically) gmina office (headquarters of such a district)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"metonymically"
],
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]
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"orig": "pl:Government",
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"Fundamental"
],
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},
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],
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"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
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],
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}
],
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"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"gmina authorities (people in charge of such a district)"
],
"id": "en-gmina-pl-noun-svkhVKTO",
"links": [
[
"gmina",
"gmina#English"
],
[
"commune",
"commune"
],
[
"municipality",
"municipality"
],
[
"township",
"township"
],
[
"powiat",
"powiat#Polish"
],
[
"województwo",
"województwo#Polish"
],
[
"government",
"government"
],
[
"authorities",
"authority"
]
],
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"(government, metonymically) gmina authorities (people in charge of such a district)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"metonymically"
],
"topics": [
"government"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Judaism",
"orig": "pl:Judaism",
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"Religion",
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
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{
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 26 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
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],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 26 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "pl:Collectives",
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 12 22 42",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "People",
"orig": "pl:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"kahal (organized Jewish religious community; usually disambiguated as gmina żydowska)"
],
"id": "en-gmina-pl-noun-NF-Xik2Z",
"links": [
[
"Judaism",
"Judaism"
],
[
"kahal",
"kahal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Judaism) kahal (organized Jewish religious community; usually disambiguated as gmina żydowska)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kahał"
}
],
"tags": [
"Judaism",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡmi.na/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ina"
}
],
"word": "gmina"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "gminas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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],
"lang": "Spanish",
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"pos": "noun",
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]
],
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]
}
],
"word": "gmina"
}
{
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}
],
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"3": "gemeine"
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"expansion": "Middle High German gemeine",
"name": "der"
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{
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"2": "mean",
"3": "common",
"4": "commune"
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"expansion": "Doublet of mean, common, and commune",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
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{
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]
},
{
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}
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},
"expansion": "gmina (plural gminas or gminy)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Polish",
"English terms derived from Middle High German",
"English terms derived from Polish",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *mey- (change)",
"English terms with quotations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"en:Administrative divisions"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1983, Edward D[avis] Wynot, Jr., “Notes to Chapter Three”, in Warsaw Between the World Wars: Profile of the Capital City in a Developing Land, 1918-1939 (East European Monographs; CXXIX), Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Columbia University Press, →ISBN, note 9, page 320:",
"text": "Details of the growth rates of individual gminy are in Skorowidz gmin Rzeczypospolitej Polski, Statystyka Polski GSU, Series B, pt. 1, no. 8 (Warsaw, 1933), p. 61.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1994 December, “[[Public Sector Reform: Reducing the Size of the State] Decentralization of the Public Sector] Three Years of Decentralization”, in Poland: Policies for Growth with Equity (A World Bank Country Study), Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, →ISBN, page 56:",
"text": "The current administration withdrew the legislative proposal to create powaits but maintained the decision of the previous administration to move forward on a powait pilot program. The pilot program is limited to the 46 gminy with populations of nine than 100,000, which together account for about one-third of Poland’s population. The powiat pilot program was launched in January 1994. At that time, agreements with 43 gminy were in force, and gminy were responsible for education (35 gminy), secondary health (32), social welfare (19), and culture (30) (see box 2.5).",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1995, Robert E[dward] Blobaum, “[Russian State, Polish Society] The Impact of Agrarian Reform”, in Rewolucja: Russian Poland, 1904–1907, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, published 2016, →ISBN, page 14:",
"text": "These institutions of self-government in the Polish countryside, initially designed to empower the peasantry at the expense of the manors, were gradually transformed into instruments of the ruling bureaucracy. Centralization and merger of gminy provided one means to this end. Of the 3,083 gminy in existence in 1864, only 1,287 remained forty years later. The contraction of gminy made it easier for centrally appointed county officials to interfere in local affairs.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"commune; municipality; township; the smallest administrative territorial division and the first level of regional government in Poland"
],
"links": [
[
"commune",
"commune#English"
],
[
"municipality",
"municipality#English"
],
[
"township",
"township#English"
],
[
"administrative",
"administrative#English"
],
[
"territorial",
"territorial#English"
],
[
"division",
"division#English"
],
[
"Poland",
"Poland#English"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"gmina"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡəˈmiːnə/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡmiːnə/"
}
],
"word": "gmina"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish doublets",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms borrowed from German",
"Polish terms derived from German",
"Polish terms derived from Middle High German",
"Polish terms derived from Old High German",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ina",
"Rhymes:Polish/ina/2 syllables",
"pl:Administrative divisions",
"pl:Collectives",
"pl:People",
"pl:Poland"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmina",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: gmina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: gmina"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "ґміна",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: ґміна (gmina)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "goh",
"4": "gmw-pro",
"5": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "de",
"3": "Gemeine"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German Gemeine",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gmin"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of gmin",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German Gemeine. Doublet of gmin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gm.",
"tags": [
"abbreviation"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gmina",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gmin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gminie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gminach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gmino",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "gminy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"abbr": "gm."
},
"expansion": "gmina f (abbreviation gm.)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"gmi‧na"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish metonyms"
],
"glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"gmina (people living in such a division)"
],
"links": [
[
"gmina",
"gmina#English"
],
[
"commune",
"commune"
],
[
"municipality",
"municipality"
],
[
"township",
"township"
],
[
"powiat",
"powiat#Polish"
],
[
"województwo",
"województwo#Polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"(metonymically) gmina (people living in such a division)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"metonymically"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish metonyms",
"pl:Government"
],
"glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"gmina office (headquarters of such a district)"
],
"links": [
[
"gmina",
"gmina#English"
],
[
"commune",
"commune"
],
[
"municipality",
"municipality"
],
[
"township",
"township"
],
[
"powiat",
"powiat#Polish"
],
[
"województwo",
"województwo#Polish"
],
[
"government",
"government"
],
[
"office",
"office"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"(government, metonymically) gmina office (headquarters of such a district)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"metonymically"
],
"topics": [
"government"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish metonyms",
"pl:Government"
],
"glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"gmina authorities (people in charge of such a district)"
],
"links": [
[
"gmina",
"gmina#English"
],
[
"commune",
"commune"
],
[
"municipality",
"municipality"
],
[
"township",
"township"
],
[
"powiat",
"powiat#Polish"
],
[
"województwo",
"województwo#Polish"
],
[
"government",
"government"
],
[
"authorities",
"authority"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"gmina, commune, municipality, township (first-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, below powiat and województwo)",
"(government, metonymically) gmina authorities (people in charge of such a district)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"metonymically"
],
"topics": [
"government"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"pl:Judaism"
],
"glosses": [
"kahal (organized Jewish religious community; usually disambiguated as gmina żydowska)"
],
"links": [
[
"Judaism",
"Judaism"
],
[
"kahal",
"kahal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Judaism) kahal (organized Jewish religious community; usually disambiguated as gmina żydowska)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kahał"
}
],
"tags": [
"Judaism",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɡmi.na/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ina"
}
],
"word": "gmina"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "gminas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "gmina f (plural gminas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish feminine nouns",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"gmina"
],
"links": [
[
"gmina",
"gmina#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "gmina"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gmina meaning in All languages combined (10.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.