See espier on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "espy",
"3": "er",
"id2": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "espy + -er",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From espy + -er.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espiers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "espier (plural espiers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -er (agent noun)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1885, Edward Bouverie Pusey, The Minor Prophets […] :",
"text": "but would himself be a seer, an espier of future events",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who espies."
],
"id": "en-espier-en-noun--N7MpuGI"
}
],
"word": "espier"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "m",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "espier",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "espiant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"participle",
"present"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "espier",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to watch"
],
"id": "en-espier-frm-verb-Zfjqciut",
"links": [
[
"watch",
"watch"
]
]
}
],
"word": "espier"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ang",
"2": "échaupier"
},
"expansion": "Angevin: échaupier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Angevin: échaupier"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-bbn",
"2": "épiger"
},
"expansion": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon: épiger",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Berrichon",
"2": "Bourbonnais"
},
"expansion": "(Berrichon, Bourbonnais)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon: épiger (Berrichon, Bourbonnais)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "espier"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: espier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: espier"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "épier"
},
"expansion": "French: épier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: épier"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ht",
"2": "espyon"
},
"expansion": "Haitian Creole: espyon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Haitian Creole: espyon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-lor",
"2": "h'pié",
"3": "khpiyé",
"4": "khpwé"
},
"expansion": "Lorrain: h'pié, khpiyé, khpwé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lorrain: h'pié, khpiyé, khpwé"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "êpier"
},
"expansion": "Norman: êpier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: êpier"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "èpieu"
},
"expansion": "Picard: èpieu",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Athois"
},
"expansion": "(Athois)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Picard: èpieu (Athois)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "spwè"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: spwè",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: spwè"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "aspien",
"3": "aspyen",
"4": "espien",
"5": "espyen",
"6": "spien",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: aspien, aspyen, espien, espyen, spien",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: aspien, aspyen, espien, espyen, spien"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "aspy",
"3": "espy",
"4": "spy"
},
"expansion": "English: aspy, espy, spy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: aspy, espy, spy"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "aspy",
"3": "espy",
"4": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Scots: aspy, espy, spy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: aspy, espy, spy"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "sbio",
"3": "ysbïo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Welsh: sbio, ysbïo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Welsh: sbio, ysbïo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*spiō",
"4": "",
"5": "to spy, espy"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*spehōn",
"4": "",
"5": "to spy, watch"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fro-conj-er",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "espier",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir espïé",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "en espiant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "espiant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "espïé",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "espi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "espïez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espioie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeves",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiot",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espioient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espioent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïevent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espias",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espia",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiames",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "espiastes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeras",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïera",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeront",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect"
]
},
{
"form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "espi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espïez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espïent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiasse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiasses",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiast",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissoiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiassent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espïe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "espier",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "fro-conj-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French verbs ending in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French verbs with weak-a preterite",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to watch"
],
"id": "en-espier-fro-verb-Zfjqciut",
"links": [
[
"watch",
"watch"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "espie"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "esguarder"
},
{
"word": "reguarder"
},
{
"word": "aspier"
},
{
"word": "espeier"
},
{
"word": "espoier"
}
]
}
],
"word": "espier"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "espy",
"3": "er",
"id2": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "espy + -er",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From espy + -er.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "espiers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "espier (plural espiers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms suffixed with -er (agent noun)",
"English terms with quotations",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1885, Edward Bouverie Pusey, The Minor Prophets […] :",
"text": "but would himself be a seer, an espier of future events",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who espies."
]
}
],
"word": "espier"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "m",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "espier",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "espiant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"participle",
"present"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "espier",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle French first group verbs",
"Middle French lemmas",
"Middle French verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"to watch"
],
"links": [
[
"watch",
"watch"
]
]
}
],
"word": "espier"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ang",
"2": "échaupier"
},
"expansion": "Angevin: échaupier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Angevin: échaupier"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-bbn",
"2": "épiger"
},
"expansion": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon: épiger",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Berrichon",
"2": "Bourbonnais"
},
"expansion": "(Berrichon, Bourbonnais)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon: épiger (Berrichon, Bourbonnais)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "espier"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: espier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: espier"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "épier"
},
"expansion": "French: épier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: épier"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ht",
"2": "espyon"
},
"expansion": "Haitian Creole: espyon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Haitian Creole: espyon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-lor",
"2": "h'pié",
"3": "khpiyé",
"4": "khpwé"
},
"expansion": "Lorrain: h'pié, khpiyé, khpwé",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lorrain: h'pié, khpiyé, khpwé"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "êpier"
},
"expansion": "Norman: êpier",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: êpier"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "èpieu"
},
"expansion": "Picard: èpieu",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Athois"
},
"expansion": "(Athois)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Picard: èpieu (Athois)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "spwè"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: spwè",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: spwè"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "aspien",
"3": "aspyen",
"4": "espien",
"5": "espyen",
"6": "spien",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: aspien, aspyen, espien, espyen, spien",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: aspien, aspyen, espien, espyen, spien"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "aspy",
"3": "espy",
"4": "spy"
},
"expansion": "English: aspy, espy, spy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: aspy, espy, spy"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "aspy",
"3": "espy",
"4": "spy"
},
"expansion": "Scots: aspy, espy, spy",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: aspy, espy, spy"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "sbio",
"3": "ysbïo",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Welsh: sbio, ysbïo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Welsh: sbio, ysbïo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*spiō",
"4": "",
"5": "to spy, espy"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*spehōn",
"4": "",
"5": "to spy, watch"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fro-conj-er",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "espier",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir espïé",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "en espiant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "espiant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "espïé",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "espi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "espïez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espioie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeves",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espioit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiot",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeve",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espioient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espioent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïevent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espias",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espia",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiames",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "espiastes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeras",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïera",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïerez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeront",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeriez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïeroient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espïereient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect"
]
},
{
"form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "espi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espïez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espïent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiasse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiasses",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiast",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissoiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiissiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espiassent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "espïe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "espions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "espïez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "espier",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "fro-conj-er"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "espie"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French first group verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French terms derived from Frankish",
"Old French terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -er",
"Old French verbs with weak-a preterite",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"to watch"
],
"links": [
[
"watch",
"watch"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "esguarder"
},
{
"word": "reguarder"
},
{
"word": "aspier"
},
{
"word": "espeier"
},
{
"word": "espoier"
}
],
"word": "espier"
}
Download raw JSONL data for espier meaning in All languages combined (14.5kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"espier"
],
"section": "Middle French",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "espier",
"trace": "started on line 9, detected on line 46"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"espier"
],
"section": "Middle French",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "espier",
"trace": "started on line 7, detected on line 46"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"espier"
],
"section": "Middle French",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "espier",
"trace": "started on line 5, detected on line 46"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'present participle or gerund of'",
"path": [
"espier"
],
"section": "Middle French",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "espier",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"espier"
],
"section": "Middle French",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "espier",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"espier"
],
"section": "Middle French",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "espier",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.