See dreng on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dreng meaning in All languages combined (19.9kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "borrowed"
},
"expansion": "borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "drengus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin drengus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "drengus",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Medieval Latin drengus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dreng",
"t": "warrior, retainer"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dreng (“warrior, retainer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drenġ",
"t": "warrior, soldier"
},
"expansion": "Old English drenġ (“warrior, soldier”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drangī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drangī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "drengr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably borrowed from Medieval Latin drengus, from Middle English dreng (“warrior, retainer”) or its source, Old English drenġ (“warrior, soldier”), from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz, cognate to Old Norse drengr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drengs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dreng (plural drengs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Property law",
"orig": "en:Property law",
"parents": [
"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1711, “Chapter XVII: Of Tallage”, in Thomas Madox, The Hiſtory and Antiquities of the Exchequer of the Kings of England, London: John Matthews, page 480",
"text": "In the reign of K. Richard I, the Theines and Drenges of Northumberland were tallaged. They paid each of them 80 much de Dono (o).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1862, “Appendix T: The Laws of King Henry the First”, in E. William Robertson, Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the 13th Century, volume 2, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, page 513",
"text": "Accordingly, long after the Conquest, the Thegns and Drengs of Northumberland, and the Drengs, Thegns, and Villeins of the bishopric of Durham, continued to be tallaged.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, “Society and Status”, in Birgit Sawyer, The Viking-age Rune-stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia, Oxford University Press, page 106",
"text": "It is significant that, as Map 2 shows, the main concentrations of thegns and drengs are in the east of the territory that was apparently tributary to the Danish king in about AD 1000.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A kind of feudal free tenant with military duties, mentioned in the Domesday Book."
],
"id": "en-dreng-en-noun-iNLIIQfp",
"links": [
[
"feudal",
"feudal"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"tenant",
"tenant"
],
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"duties",
"duties"
],
[
"Domesday Book",
"Domesday Book"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, UK) A kind of feudal free tenant with military duties, mentioned in the Domesday Book."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drenge"
}
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɹɛŋ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛŋ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-dreng.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "drenjë"
},
"expansion": "drenjë",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dreu-",
"4": "",
"5": "tree"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dreu- (“tree”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Variant of drenjë, from Proto-Indo-European *dreu- (“tree”). Occurs in Cham Albanian.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drenge",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "feminine",
"4": "drenge",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{mp}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{fp}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "dreng (feminine drenge)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dreng (feminine drenge)",
"name": "sq-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strong, healthy, sound"
],
"id": "en-dreng-sq-adj-AdJq~XDp",
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"healthy",
"healthy"
],
[
"sound",
"sound"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "drenjë"
},
{
"word": "drënjë"
}
]
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "non",
"3": "drengr",
"4": "",
"5": "young warrior"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr (“young warrior”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz",
"4": "",
"5": "man, servant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“man, servant”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse drengr (“young warrior”), from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“man, servant”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drengen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenge",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dreng",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drengen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drengens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenges",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengenes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"10": "drenge",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{pl-indef-2}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{com}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "singular definite",
"4": "drengen",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{sg-def-2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "plural indefinite",
"f1accel-form": "def|s",
"f4accel-form": "indef|p",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "dreng c (singular definite drengen, plural indefinite drenge)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "e"
},
"expansion": "dreng c (singular definite drengen, plural indefinite drenge)",
"name": "da-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "e"
},
"name": "da-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "c",
"gen-pl-def": "drengenes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "drenges",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "drengens",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "drengs",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "drengene",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "drenge",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "drengen",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "dreng"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "da",
"name": "Children",
"orig": "da:Children",
"parents": [
"Youth",
"Age",
"People",
"Human",
"Time",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "da",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "da:Male people",
"parents": [
"Male",
"People",
"Gender",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"Fundamental",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boy, lad"
],
"id": "en-dreng-da-noun-5GNh4AeY",
"links": [
[
"boy",
"boy"
],
[
"lad",
"lad"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrɛŋˀ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈd̥ʁɑ̈ŋˀ]"
},
{
"audio": "Da-dreng.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Da-dreng.ogg/Da-dreng.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Da-dreng.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "drengus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Medieval Latin: drengus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Medieval Latin: drengus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dreng",
"alts": "1",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: dreng, drenge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: dreng, drenge"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dring",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Scots: dring",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Scots: dring"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drenġ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English drenġ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drenġ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English drenġ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drangī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drangī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "drengr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English drenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse drengr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drenges",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "dreng",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "drenges"
},
"expansion": "dreng (plural drenges)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 36 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 34 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "enm:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 40 28",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 31 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Property law",
"orig": "enm:Property law",
"parents": [
"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"A follower of a lord; a member of a host."
],
"id": "en-dreng-enm-noun-9DkkdDuA",
"links": [
[
"poetic",
"poetic"
],
[
"warrior",
"warrior"
],
[
"soldier",
"soldier"
],
[
"follower",
"follower"
],
[
"lord",
"lord"
],
[
"host",
"host"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"A follower of a lord; a member of a host."
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 36 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 34 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "enm:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 40 28",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 31 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Property law",
"orig": "enm:Property law",
"parents": [
"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"A lord or chieftain."
],
"id": "en-dreng-enm-noun-WYkWHt8Y",
"links": [
[
"poetic",
"poetic"
],
[
"warrior",
"warrior"
],
[
"soldier",
"soldier"
],
[
"lord",
"lord"
],
[
"chieftain",
"chieftain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"(rare) A lord or chieftain."
],
"tags": [
"poetic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 36 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 34 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "enm:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 21 58",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Military",
"orig": "enm:Military",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 40 28",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "People",
"orig": "enm:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 31 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Property law",
"orig": "enm:Property law",
"parents": [
"Law",
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A dreng (military vassal)"
],
"id": "en-dreng-enm-noun-l~kRq0Tw",
"links": [
[
"dreng",
"dreng#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A dreng (military vassal)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/drɛnd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/drind͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/drɛnɡ/",
"note": "from Old Norse drengr"
},
{
"ipa": "/drinɡ/",
"note": "from Old Norse drengr"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dranch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dring"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "dringch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ðring"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "non",
"3": "drengr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse drengr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drengen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drengar",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenger",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengane",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"10": "drengane",
"11": "or",
"12": "drengene",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite singular",
"4": "drengen",
"5": "indefinite plural",
"6": "drengar",
"7": "or",
"8": "drenger",
"9": "definite plural",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "dreng m (definite singular drengen, indefinite plural drengar or drenger, definite plural drengane or drengene)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a farmhand"
],
"id": "en-dreng-nn-noun-WEjy4LvC",
"links": [
[
"farmhand",
"farmhand#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"an assistant, apprentice"
],
"id": "en-dreng-nn-noun-yQ7Xxf9t",
"links": [
[
"assistant",
"assistant#English"
],
[
"apprentice",
"apprentice#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/drɛŋː/"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dreng"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: dreng, dranch, dring, dringch, ðring\n→ Medieval Latin: drengus\n→ English: dreng, drenge\n>? Scots: dring",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: dreng, dranch, dring, dringch, ðring\n→ Medieval Latin: drengus\n→ English: dreng, drenge\n>? Scots: dring"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drangī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drangī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drenġ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-a-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "drenġ",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "drenġ m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"head": "drenġ"
},
"expansion": "drenġ m",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drenġ"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-a-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "drenġ",
"2": "drenġas",
"3": "drenġ",
"4": "drenġas",
"5": "drenġes",
"6": "drenġa",
"7": "drenġe",
"8": "drenġum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong a-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ang",
"name": "People",
"orig": "ang:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"warrior; soldier"
],
"id": "en-dreng-ang-noun-k4eW9ThD",
"links": [
[
"poetic",
"poetic"
],
[
"warrior",
"warrior"
],
[
"soldier",
"soldier"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) warrior; soldier"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drench"
}
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/drenj/"
},
{
"ipa": "[drend͡ʒ]"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "drenjë"
},
"expansion": "drenjë",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dreu-",
"4": "",
"5": "tree"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dreu- (“tree”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Variant of drenjë, from Proto-Indo-European *dreu- (“tree”). Occurs in Cham Albanian.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drenge",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "feminine",
"4": "drenge",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{mp}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{fp}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "dreng (feminine drenge)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dreng (feminine drenge)",
"name": "sq-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "drenjë"
},
{
"word": "drënjë"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Albanian adjectives",
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"strong, healthy, sound"
],
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"healthy",
"healthy"
],
[
"sound",
"sound"
]
]
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "non",
"3": "drengr",
"4": "",
"5": "young warrior"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr (“young warrior”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz",
"4": "",
"5": "man, servant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“man, servant”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse drengr (“young warrior”), from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz (“man, servant”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drengen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenge",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dreng",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drengen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drengens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenges",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengenes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"10": "drenge",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{pl-indef-2}}}",
"13": "",
"14": "{{{com}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "singular definite",
"4": "drengen",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{sg-def-2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "plural indefinite",
"f1accel-form": "def|s",
"f4accel-form": "indef|p",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "dreng c (singular definite drengen, plural indefinite drenge)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "e"
},
"expansion": "dreng c (singular definite drengen, plural indefinite drenge)",
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}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "e"
},
"name": "da-decl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "c",
"gen-pl-def": "drengenes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "drenges",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "drengens",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "drengs",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "drengene",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "drenge",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "drengen",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "dreng"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
"Danish common-gender nouns",
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish lemmas",
"Danish nouns",
"Danish terms derived from Old Norse",
"Danish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Danish terms inherited from Old Norse",
"Danish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Danish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Danish terms with audio links",
"da:Children",
"da:Male people"
],
"glosses": [
"boy, lad"
],
"links": [
[
"boy",
"boy"
],
[
"lad",
"lad"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdrɛŋˀ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈd̥ʁɑ̈ŋˀ]"
},
{
"audio": "Da-dreng.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/Da-dreng.ogg/Da-dreng.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Da-dreng.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "borrowed"
},
"expansion": "borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "drengus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin drengus",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "drengus",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Medieval Latin drengus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dreng",
"t": "warrior, retainer"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dreng (“warrior, retainer”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drenġ",
"t": "warrior, soldier"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drangī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drangī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "drengr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably borrowed from Medieval Latin drengus, from Middle English dreng (“warrior, retainer”) or its source, Old English drenġ (“warrior, soldier”), from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz, cognate to Old Norse drengr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drengs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "dreng (plural drengs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Rhymes:English/ɛŋ",
"Rhymes:English/ɛŋ/1 syllable",
"en:Feudalism",
"en:People",
"en:Property law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1711, “Chapter XVII: Of Tallage”, in Thomas Madox, The Hiſtory and Antiquities of the Exchequer of the Kings of England, London: John Matthews, page 480",
"text": "In the reign of K. Richard I, the Theines and Drenges of Northumberland were tallaged. They paid each of them 80 much de Dono (o).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1862, “Appendix T: The Laws of King Henry the First”, in E. William Robertson, Scotland Under Her Early Kings: A History of the Kingdom to the Close of the 13th Century, volume 2, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, page 513",
"text": "Accordingly, long after the Conquest, the Thegns and Drengs of Northumberland, and the Drengs, Thegns, and Villeins of the bishopric of Durham, continued to be tallaged.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, “Society and Status”, in Birgit Sawyer, The Viking-age Rune-stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia, Oxford University Press, page 106",
"text": "It is significant that, as Map 2 shows, the main concentrations of thegns and drengs are in the east of the territory that was apparently tributary to the Danish king in about AD 1000.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A kind of feudal free tenant with military duties, mentioned in the Domesday Book."
],
"links": [
[
"feudal",
"feudal"
],
[
"free",
"free"
],
[
"tenant",
"tenant"
],
[
"military",
"military"
],
[
"duties",
"duties"
],
[
"Domesday Book",
"Domesday Book"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical, UK) A kind of feudal free tenant with military duties, mentioned in the Domesday Book."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈdɹɛŋ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛŋ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-dreng.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-dreng.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drenge"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"enm:Feudalism",
"enm:Military",
"enm:People",
"enm:Property law"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ML.",
"2": "drengus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Medieval Latin: drengus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Medieval Latin: drengus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dreng",
"alts": "1",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: dreng, drenge",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: dreng, drenge"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dring",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Scots: dring",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Scots: dring"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drenġ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English drenġ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "drenġ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English drenġ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drangī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drangī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "drengr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English drenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse drengr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drenges",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "dreng",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "drenges"
},
"expansion": "dreng (plural drenges)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English poetic terms"
],
"glosses": [
"A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"A follower of a lord; a member of a host."
],
"links": [
[
"poetic",
"poetic"
],
[
"warrior",
"warrior"
],
[
"soldier",
"soldier"
],
[
"follower",
"follower"
],
[
"lord",
"lord"
],
[
"host",
"host"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"A follower of a lord; a member of a host."
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English poetic terms",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"A lord or chieftain."
],
"links": [
[
"poetic",
"poetic"
],
[
"warrior",
"warrior"
],
[
"soldier",
"soldier"
],
[
"lord",
"lord"
],
[
"chieftain",
"chieftain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.",
"(rare) A lord or chieftain."
],
"tags": [
"poetic",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A dreng (military vassal)"
],
"links": [
[
"dreng",
"dreng#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) A dreng (military vassal)"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/drɛnd͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/drind͡ʒ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/drɛnɡ/",
"note": "from Old Norse drengr"
},
{
"ipa": "/drinɡ/",
"note": "from Old Norse drengr"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dranch"
},
{
"word": "dring"
},
{
"word": "dringch"
},
{
"word": "ðring"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "non",
"3": "drengr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drengr",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse drengr.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drengen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drengar",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenger",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengane",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drengene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"10": "drengane",
"11": "or",
"12": "drengene",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite singular",
"4": "drengen",
"5": "indefinite plural",
"6": "drengar",
"7": "or",
"8": "drenger",
"9": "definite plural",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "dreng m (definite singular drengen, indefinite plural drengar or drenger, definite plural drengane or drengene)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a farmhand"
],
"links": [
[
"farmhand",
"farmhand#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"an assistant, apprentice"
],
"links": [
[
"assistant",
"assistant#English"
],
[
"apprentice",
"apprentice#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/drɛŋː/"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dreng"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: dreng, dranch, dring, dringch, ðring\n→ Medieval Latin: drengus\n→ English: dreng, drenge\n>? Scots: dring",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: dreng, dranch, dring, dringch, ðring\n→ Medieval Latin: drengus\n→ English: dreng, drenge\n>? Scots: dring"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*drangī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *drangī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*drangijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *drangijaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "drenġ",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-a-m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drenġum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "drenġ",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "drenġ m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"head": "drenġ"
},
"expansion": "drenġ m",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drenġ"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-a-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "drenġ",
"2": "drenġas",
"3": "drenġ",
"4": "drenġas",
"5": "drenġes",
"6": "drenġa",
"7": "drenġe",
"8": "drenġum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong a-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine nouns",
"Old English nouns",
"Old English poetic terms",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"ang:People"
],
"glosses": [
"warrior; soldier"
],
"links": [
[
"poetic",
"poetic"
],
[
"warrior",
"warrior"
],
[
"soldier",
"soldier"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) warrior; soldier"
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/drenj/"
},
{
"ipa": "[drend͡ʒ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "drench"
}
],
"word": "dreng"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.