See crusta on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for crusta meaning in All languages combined (12.0kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "crusta",
"4": "",
"5": "shell, crust, inlaid work"
},
"expansion": "Latin crusta (“shell, crust, inlaid work”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Latin crusta (“shell, crust, inlaid work”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crustae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crustae"
},
"expansion": "crusta (plural crustae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crusta lactea"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A crust or shell."
],
"id": "en-crusta-en-noun-izGvJSsI",
"links": [
[
"crust",
"crust"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 82 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object."
],
"id": "en-crusta-en-noun-AvwSdYT0",
"links": [
[
"gem",
"gem"
],
[
"engrave",
"engrave"
],
[
"plate",
"plate"
],
[
"emboss",
"emboss"
],
[
"inlay",
"inlay"
],
[
"vase",
"vase"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹʌstə/"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "crustas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "crusta (plural crustas)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1862, Jerry Thomas, How to Mix Drinks, Or The Bon-vivant's Companion, Dick & Fitzgerald, page 52",
"text": "Crusta is made the same as a fancy cocktail, with a little lemon juice and a small lump of ice added.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A cocktail (typically of brandy, orange liqueur, bitters, and lemon juice and peel) distinguished by a sugared crust on the rim of the glass."
],
"id": "en-crusta-en-noun-x0TK6T6v",
"links": [
[
"cocktail",
"cocktail"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹʌstə/"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crustula"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crustārius"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crustō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crustōsus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "croste"
},
"expansion": "Old French: croste\nMiddle French: crouste\nFrench: croûte\nNorman: crôte\n→ Middle English: cruste, crouste, croste, curst\nEnglish: crust\n→ Welsh: crwst\nYola: crewst, crwest",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old French: croste\nMiddle French: crouste\nFrench: croûte\nNorman: crôte\n→ Middle English: cruste, crouste, croste, curst\nEnglish: crust\n→ Welsh: crwst\nYola: crewst, crwest"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "croste"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: croste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: croste"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Italian: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "crustă"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: crustă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: crustă"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "crusta"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: crusta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: crusta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "costra"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: costra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: costra"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "crosta",
"3": "grosta"
},
"expansion": "Venetian: crosta, grosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetian: crosta, grosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "corste",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: corste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: corste"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "korst"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: korst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: korst"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "krusta",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old High German: krusta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old High German: krusta"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kruste"
},
"expansion": "German: Kruste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Kruste"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "κρούστα",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Greek: κρούστα (kroústa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Greek: κρούστα (kroústa)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*krustós",
"t": "hardened"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*krews-",
"3": "",
"4": "to form a crust, begin to freeze"
},
"expansion": "*krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hroðr",
"3": "",
"4": "scurf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hruse",
"3": "",
"4": "earth"
},
"expansion": "Old English hruse (“earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hrosa",
"3": "",
"4": "crust, ice"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kruvesis",
"3": "",
"4": "frozen mud"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύος",
"3": "",
"4": "frost, icy cold"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύσταλλος",
"3": "",
"4": "crystal, ice"
},
"expansion": "κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रुड्",
"3": "",
"4": "thicken, make hard"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crustae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crusta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crusta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crusta<1>"
},
"expansion": "crusta f (genitive crustae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crusta<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The hard surface of a body; rind, shell, crust, bark, scab."
],
"id": "en-crusta-la-noun-2yS~X6Kg",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"rind",
"rind"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"crust",
"crust"
],
[
"bark",
"bark"
],
[
"scab",
"scab"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 74 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 48 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Plaster, mosaic or stucco work on a wall."
],
"id": "en-crusta-la-noun-Cnyn8kd5",
"links": [
[
"Plaster",
"plaster"
],
[
"mosaic",
"mosaic"
],
[
"stucco",
"stucco"
],
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"wall",
"wall"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrʊs̠t̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrust̪ä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*krustós",
"t": "hardened"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*krews-",
"3": "",
"4": "to form a crust, begin to freeze"
},
"expansion": "*krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hroðr",
"3": "",
"4": "scurf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hruse",
"3": "",
"4": "earth"
},
"expansion": "Old English hruse (“earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hrosa",
"3": "",
"4": "crust, ice"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kruvesis",
"3": "",
"4": "frozen mud"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύος",
"3": "",
"4": "frost, icy cold"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύσταλλος",
"3": "",
"4": "crystal, ice"
},
"expansion": "κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रुड्",
"3": "",
"4": "thicken, make hard"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "crusta n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "crustum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative plural of crustum"
],
"id": "en-crusta-la-noun-7gUPVMtq",
"links": [
[
"crustum",
"crustum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrʊs̠t̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrust̪ä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "crusta",
"4": "",
"5": "shell, crust, inlaid work"
},
"expansion": "Latin crusta (“shell, crust, inlaid work”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Latin crusta (“shell, crust, inlaid work”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crustae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crustae"
},
"expansion": "crusta (plural crustae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "crusta lactea"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A crust or shell."
],
"links": [
[
"crust",
"crust"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A gem engraved, or a plate embossed in low relief, for inlaying a vase or other object."
],
"links": [
[
"gem",
"gem"
],
[
"engrave",
"engrave"
],
[
"plate",
"plate"
],
[
"emboss",
"emboss"
],
[
"inlay",
"inlay"
],
[
"vase",
"vase"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹʌstə/"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "crustas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "crusta (plural crustas)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1862, Jerry Thomas, How to Mix Drinks, Or The Bon-vivant's Companion, Dick & Fitzgerald, page 52",
"text": "Crusta is made the same as a fancy cocktail, with a little lemon juice and a small lump of ice added.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A cocktail (typically of brandy, orange liqueur, bitters, and lemon juice and peel) distinguished by a sugared crust on the rim of the glass."
],
"links": [
[
"cocktail",
"cocktail"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹʌstə/"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "crustula"
},
{
"word": "crustārius"
},
{
"word": "crustō"
},
{
"word": "crustōsus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "croste"
},
"expansion": "Old French: croste\nMiddle French: crouste\nFrench: croûte\nNorman: crôte\n→ Middle English: cruste, crouste, croste, curst\nEnglish: crust\n→ Welsh: crwst\nYola: crewst, crwest",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old French: croste\nMiddle French: crouste\nFrench: croûte\nNorman: crôte\n→ Middle English: cruste, crouste, croste, curst\nEnglish: crust\n→ Welsh: crwst\nYola: crewst, crwest"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fur",
"2": "croste"
},
"expansion": "Friulian: croste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Friulian: croste"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Italian: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "crosta"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: crosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: crosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "crustă"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: crustă",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: crustă"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "scn",
"2": "crusta"
},
"expansion": "Sicilian: crusta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sicilian: crusta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "costra"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: costra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: costra"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "crosta",
"3": "grosta"
},
"expansion": "Venetian: crosta, grosta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetian: crosta, grosta"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "corste",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle Dutch: corste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle Dutch: corste"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "korst"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: korst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: korst"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "krusta",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old High German: krusta",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old High German: krusta"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kruste"
},
"expansion": "German: Kruste",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Kruste"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "κρούστα",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Greek: κρούστα (kroústa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Greek: κρούστα (kroústa)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*krustós",
"t": "hardened"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*krews-",
"3": "",
"4": "to form a crust, begin to freeze"
},
"expansion": "*krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hroðr",
"3": "",
"4": "scurf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hruse",
"3": "",
"4": "earth"
},
"expansion": "Old English hruse (“earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hrosa",
"3": "",
"4": "crust, ice"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kruvesis",
"3": "",
"4": "frozen mud"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύος",
"3": "",
"4": "frost, icy cold"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύσταλλος",
"3": "",
"4": "crystal, ice"
},
"expansion": "κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रुड्",
"3": "",
"4": "thicken, make hard"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "crustae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "crusta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crustā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "crustīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "crusta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "crustae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crusta<1>"
},
"expansion": "crusta f (genitive crustae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crusta<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The hard surface of a body; rind, shell, crust, bark, scab."
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
],
[
"body",
"body"
],
[
"rind",
"rind"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"crust",
"crust"
],
[
"bark",
"bark"
],
[
"scab",
"scab"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Plaster, mosaic or stucco work on a wall."
],
"links": [
[
"Plaster",
"plaster"
],
[
"mosaic",
"mosaic"
],
[
"stucco",
"stucco"
],
[
"work",
"work"
],
[
"wall",
"wall"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrʊs̠t̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrust̪ä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*krustós",
"t": "hardened"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*krews-",
"3": "",
"4": "to form a crust, begin to freeze"
},
"expansion": "*krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hroðr",
"3": "",
"4": "scurf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hruse",
"3": "",
"4": "earth"
},
"expansion": "Old English hruse (“earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hrosa",
"3": "",
"4": "crust, ice"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kruvesis",
"3": "",
"4": "frozen mud"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύος",
"3": "",
"4": "frost, icy cold"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρύσταλλος",
"3": "",
"4": "crystal, ice"
},
"expansion": "κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀-",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रुड्",
"3": "",
"4": "thicken, make hard"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *krustós (“hardened”), from *krews- (“to form a crust, begin to freeze”), related to Old Norse hroðr (“scurf”), Old English hruse (“earth”), Old High German hrosa (“crust, ice”), Latvian kruvesis (“frozen mud”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀- (xruzdra-, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रुड् (kruḍ, “thicken, make hard”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "crusta n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "crustum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative plural of crustum"
],
"links": [
[
"crustum",
"crustum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrʊs̠t̪ä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈkrus.ta/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈkrust̪ä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "crusta"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.