See bōks on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bōk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bók"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "unc",
"3": "gem-pro>*bōkō>book",
"4": "inh",
"5": "unc",
"6": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂g->beech",
"id": "book",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos\nProto-Germanic *bōkō?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-?\nProto-Germanic *bōks",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeh₂g-",
"t": "to allot"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos\nProto-Germanic *bōkō?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-?\nProto-Germanic *bōks\nUncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [
"Entries with etymology trees",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bōkastabaz"
},
{
"word": "bōkalistiz"
},
{
"word": "bōkārijaz"
},
{
"word": "bōkōną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”"
],
"id": "en-bōks-gem-pro-noun-vfzAC0fx",
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bōkō"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Birch bark manuscript",
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bɔːks/"
}
],
"word": "bōks"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "bōkastabaz"
},
{
"word": "bōkalistiz"
},
{
"word": "bōkārijaz"
},
{
"word": "bōkōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bōk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bók"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "unc",
"3": "gem-pro>*bōkō>book",
"4": "inh",
"5": "unc",
"6": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂g->beech",
"id": "book",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos\nProto-Germanic *bōkō?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-?\nProto-Germanic *bōks",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeh₂g-",
"t": "to allot"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos\nProto-Germanic *bōkō?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-?\nProto-Germanic *bōks\nUncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bōks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bōkō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"gem-pro:Writing"
],
"glosses": [
"letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”"
],
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Birch bark manuscript",
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bɔːks/"
}
],
"word": "bōks"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bōks meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.