See bōks on Wiktionary
{ "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bōkastabaz" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bōkalistiz" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bōkārijaz" }, { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "bōkōną" } ], "descendants": [ { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "gmw-pro", "2": "*bōk" }, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)", "name": "desctree" } ], "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "non", "2": "bók", "id": "book" }, "expansion": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok", "name": "desctree" } ], "text": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "gem-pro", "2": "der", "3": "unc", "4": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂ǵos>beech", "5": "der", "6": "unc", "7": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂g->allot", "id": "book", "tree": "1" }, "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-der.?\nProto-Germanic *bōks", "name": "etymon" }, { "args": { "1": "gem-pro" }, "expansion": "Uncertain", "name": "unc" }, { "args": { "1": "gem-pro", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeh₂g-", "t": "to allot" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "letter" }, "expansion": "“letter”", "name": "m-g" }, { "args": { "1": "lv", "2": "burts", "3": "", "4": "letter, mark" }, "expansion": "Latvian burts (“letter, mark”)", "name": "noncog" }, { "args": { "1": "lt", "2": "bùrtis", "3": "", "4": "sign" }, "expansion": "Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”)", "name": "noncog" }, { "args": { "1": "sla-pro", "2": "*bъrtь", "3": "", "4": "carving in a tree" }, "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”)", "name": "noncog" } ], "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-der.?\nProto-Germanic *bōks\nUncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it. In case “letter” was indeed the original sense, compare also the semantics of Latvian burts (“letter, mark”), Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”) and bùrtas (“lot”) with Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”); thus beech trunks could have been the wood carved in, rather than the bark. According to Kroonen, “it is generally assumed that the first scriptures consisted of wooden tablets.”", "forms": [ { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "gem-decl-noun", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "bōks", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōk", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "bōkiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "bōkų", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkunz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōkiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkǫ̂", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōki", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkumaz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōkē", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkumiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] } ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": {}, "name": "gem-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Proto-Germanic", "lang_code": "gem-pro", "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks", "pos": "noun", "related": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "tags": [ "synonym" ], "word": "bōkō" } ], "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "87 13", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 1 entry", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "91 9", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "56 44", "kind": "other", "name": "Proto-Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs", "parents": [ "Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "49 51", "kind": "other", "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees", "parents": [ "Entries with etymology trees", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”" ], "id": "en-bōks-gem-pro-noun-vfzAC0fx", "links": [ [ "letter", "letter" ], [ "book", "book" ] ], "tags": [ "feminine", "reconstruction" ] }, { "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "North Proto-Germanic", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "_dis": "49 51", "kind": "other", "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees", "parents": [ "Entries with etymology trees", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "40 60", "kind": "other", "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "beech" ], "id": "en-bōks-gem-pro-noun-hW83h~I7", "links": [ [ "beech", "beech" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(originally and in North Germanic) beech" ], "tags": [ "feminine", "reconstruction" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/bɔːks/" } ], "wikipedia": [ "Birch bark manuscript", "Brill Publishers" ], "word": "bōks" }
{ "categories": [ "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns", "Proto-Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs", "Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees", "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header", "Proto-Germanic feminine nouns", "Proto-Germanic lemmas", "Proto-Germanic nouns", "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies", "gem-pro:Writing" ], "derived": [ { "word": "bōkastabaz" }, { "word": "bōkalistiz" }, { "word": "bōkārijaz" }, { "word": "bōkōną" } ], "descendants": [ { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "gmw-pro", "2": "*bōk" }, "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)", "name": "desctree" } ], "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōk\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nNorth Frisian:\nFöhr: buk\nHelgoland: Buk\nMooring: bök\nSylt: Bok\nSaterland Frisian: Bouk\nWest Frisian: boek\nOld Saxon: bōk\nMiddle Low German: bôk, buk\nLow German:\nDutch Low Saxon: book\nGerman Low German: Book\nPlautdietsch: Buak\nOld Dutch: buoc\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (see there for further descendants)\nLimburgish: book\n→ Middle French: boucquain (via diminutive forms *boeckin, *boeckijn)\nFrench: bouquin\nOld High German: buoh, puoh\nMiddle High German: buoch\nAlemannic German: Buech, Büäch\nAlsatian: Bööch, Büech\nSwabian: Buach\nBavarian: Buach\nMünsterländisch: Büak\nCentral Franconian: Booch, Buch\nHunsrik: Buch\nKölsch: Booch\nLuxembourgish: Buch\nEast Franconian: Bouch\nGerman: Buch\nRhine Franconian: Buch, Busch\nPennsylvania German: Buch\nVilamovian: büch\nYiddish: בוך (bukh)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "non", "2": "bók", "id": "book" }, "expansion": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok", "name": "desctree" } ], "text": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bok m or f\nElfdalian: buok f\nOld Swedish: bōk f, ᛒᚮᚴ (Runic)\nSwedish: bok\n→ Finnish: pyökki\nOld Danish: bok\nDanish: bog c\nGutnish: bok" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "gem-pro", "2": "der", "3": "unc", "4": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂ǵos>beech", "5": "der", "6": "unc", "7": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂g->allot", "id": "book", "tree": "1" }, "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-der.?\nProto-Germanic *bōks", "name": "etymon" }, { "args": { "1": "gem-pro" }, "expansion": "Uncertain", "name": "unc" }, { "args": { "1": "gem-pro", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*bʰeh₂g-", "t": "to allot" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”)", "name": "der" }, { "args": { "1": "letter" }, "expansion": "“letter”", "name": "m-g" }, { "args": { "1": "lv", "2": "burts", "3": "", "4": "letter, mark" }, "expansion": "Latvian burts (“letter, mark”)", "name": "noncog" }, { "args": { "1": "lt", "2": "bùrtis", "3": "", "4": "sign" }, "expansion": "Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”)", "name": "noncog" }, { "args": { "1": "sla-pro", "2": "*bъrtь", "3": "", "4": "carving in a tree" }, "expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”)", "name": "noncog" } ], "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.?\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-der.?\nProto-Germanic *bōks\nUncertain. Often linked to *bōkō (“beech”), though beechbark-writing, unlike birchbark-writing, is not known, nor is it likely that bookfells were made from beeches at the time. Connected by some to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to allot”), ascribing to the word the meaning of “letter”, in the sense of merely one or few symbols; in older times, letters would have served as (allotted) ownership symbols, which would then have been generalized to any work with writing upon it. In case “letter” was indeed the original sense, compare also the semantics of Latvian burts (“letter, mark”), Lithuanian bùrtis (“sign”) and bùrtas (“lot”) with Proto-Slavic *bъrtь (“carving in a tree”); thus beech trunks could have been the wood carved in, rather than the bark. According to Kroonen, “it is generally assumed that the first scriptures consisted of wooden tablets.”", "forms": [ { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "gem-decl-noun", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "bōks", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "nominative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "nominative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōk", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "singular", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "bōkiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "plural", "vocative" ] }, { "form": "bōkų", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "accusative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkunz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "accusative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōkiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "genitive", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkǫ̂", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "genitive", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōki", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "dative", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkumaz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "dative", "plural" ] }, { "form": "bōkē", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "instrumental", "singular" ] }, { "form": "bōkumiz", "source": "inflection", "tags": [ "instrumental", "plural" ] } ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": {}, "name": "gem-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Proto-Germanic", "lang_code": "gem-pro", "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks", "pos": "noun", "related": [ { "tags": [ "synonym" ], "word": "bōkō" } ], "senses": [ { "categories": [ "gem-pro:Writing" ], "glosses": [ "letter, written message, inscriptions carved into a flat object pressed together, “book”" ], "links": [ [ "letter", "letter" ], [ "book", "book" ] ], "tags": [ "feminine", "reconstruction" ] }, { "categories": [ "North Proto-Germanic", "gem-pro:Beech family plants" ], "glosses": [ "beech" ], "links": [ [ "beech", "beech" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(originally and in North Germanic) beech" ], "tags": [ "feminine", "reconstruction" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/bɔːks/" } ], "wikipedia": [ "Birch bark manuscript", "Brill Publishers" ], "word": "bōks" }
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (1c4b89b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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