See Toruń on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pl",
"3": "Toruń"
},
"expansion": "Polish Toruń",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "Thorun"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin Thorun",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Polish Toruń, from Medieval Latin Thorun.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Toruń",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Belarusian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kashubian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle High German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ukrainian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cities in Poland",
"orig": "en:Cities in Poland",
"parents": [
"Cities",
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Places in Poland",
"orig": "en:Places in Poland",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A city in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland."
],
"id": "en-Toruń-en-name-0y4c8YEZ",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship#English"
],
[
"Poland",
"Poland#English"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "Tórunʹ",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Торунь"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Tuōlún",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "托倫 /托伦"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruň"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruń"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Thorn"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruń"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "Toronya"
},
{
"code": "csb",
"lang": "Kashubian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Torń"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Thorun"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Torunė"
},
{
"code": "gmh",
"lang": "Middle High German",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Thorun"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Toruń"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Torunʹ",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Торунь"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruň"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "Torunʹ",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Торунь"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɒrʊnjə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔːruːn(jə)/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtoʊruːn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"word": "Toruń"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "То́рунь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Belarusian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Belarusian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "Toruň",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Czech: Toruň",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Czech: Toruň"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Toruń",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Toruń",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Toruń"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "Torń",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kashubian: Torń",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kashubian: Torń"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "Torunė",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lithuanian: Torunė",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lithuanian: Torunė"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "То́рунь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "Toruň",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Slovak: Toruň",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Slovak: Toruň"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "То́рунь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "Thorun"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Thorun",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Thorun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toruński",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Torunia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "toruński"
},
"expansion": "Toruń m inan (related adjective toruński)",
"name": "pl-prop"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"To‧ruń"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"tantum": "s"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish singularia tantum",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Cities in Poland",
"orig": "pl:Cities in Poland",
"parents": [
"Cities",
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Places in Poland",
"orig": "pl:Places in Poland",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Voivodeship capitals",
"orig": "pl:Voivodeship capitals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "toruniak"
},
{
"word": "torunianin"
},
{
"word": "torunianka"
},
{
"word": "toruńczyk"
},
{
"word": "Toruńskie"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Toruń (the capital and largest city of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)"
],
"id": "en-Toruń-pl-name-OKNgumoK",
"links": [
[
"Toruń",
"Toruń#English"
],
[
"capital",
"capital"
],
[
"large",
"large"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship#English"
],
[
"Poland",
"Poland#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔ.ruɲ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔruɲ"
}
],
"word": "Toruń"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pl",
"3": "Toruń"
},
"expansion": "Polish Toruń",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "Thorun"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin Thorun",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Polish Toruń, from Medieval Latin Thorun.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Toruń",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Belarusian terms with redundant script codes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English proper nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Polish",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Polish",
"English terms spelled with Ń",
"English terms spelled with ◌́",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Russian terms with redundant script codes",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Kashubian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Middle High German translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Ukrainian terms with redundant script codes",
"en:Cities in Poland",
"en:Places in Poland"
],
"glosses": [
"A city in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland."
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship#English"
],
[
"Poland",
"Poland#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɒrʊnjə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔːruːn(jə)/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈtoʊruːn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "Tórunʹ",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Торунь"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Tuōlún",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "托倫 /托伦"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruň"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruń"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Thorn"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruń"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "Toronya"
},
{
"code": "csb",
"lang": "Kashubian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Torń"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Thorun"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Torunė"
},
{
"code": "gmh",
"lang": "Middle High German",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Thorun"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Toruń"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "Torunʹ",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Торунь"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Toruň"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "Torunʹ",
"sense": "city in north-central Poland",
"word": "Торунь"
}
],
"word": "Toruń"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "toruniak"
},
{
"word": "torunianin"
},
{
"word": "torunianka"
},
{
"word": "toruńczyk"
},
{
"word": "Toruńskie"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "То́рунь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Belarusian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Belarusian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "Toruň",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Czech: Toruň",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Czech: Toruň"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Toruń",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Toruń",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Toruń"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "Torń",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Kashubian: Torń",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Kashubian: Torń"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "Torunė",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Lithuanian: Torunė",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Lithuanian: Torunė"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "То́рунь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Russian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Russian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "Toruň",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Slovak: Toruň",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Slovak: Toruň"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "То́рунь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ukrainian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ukrainian: То́рунь (Tórunʹ)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "Thorun"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Thorun",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Thorun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toruński",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Torunia",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Toruniu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "toruński"
},
"expansion": "Toruń m inan (related adjective toruński)",
"name": "pl-prop"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"To‧ruń"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"tantum": "s"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish learned borrowings from Medieval Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish proper nouns",
"Polish singularia tantum",
"Polish terms borrowed from Medieval Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔruɲ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔruɲ/2 syllables",
"pl:Cities in Poland",
"pl:Places in Poland",
"pl:Voivodeship capitals"
],
"glosses": [
"Toruń (the capital and largest city of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)"
],
"links": [
[
"Toruń",
"Toruń#English"
],
[
"capital",
"capital"
],
[
"large",
"large"
],
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship",
"Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship#English"
],
[
"Poland",
"Poland#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtɔ.ruɲ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔruɲ"
}
],
"word": "Toruń"
}
Download raw JSONL data for Toruń meaning in All languages combined (7.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-05-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-01 using wiktextract (9a214a4 and 1b6da77). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.