See -은 on Wiktionary
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"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 은〮/ᄋᆞᆫ〮 (Yale: -ún/-ón), from Old Korean 隱 (*-(u)n). Attested since the very beginning of Korean writing in the first millennium. The post-vocalic form 는 (-neun) is probably formed by pre-Middle Korean reduplication, with the original form ㄴ (-n) now relegated to colloquial speech.",
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"english": "The sun [TOP] rises every morning in the east.",
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"text": "이건 엄마 꺼야. ― 아빠 꺼는? ― Igeon eomma kkeo-ya. ― appa kkeo-neun? ― This is for Mom. ― And for Dad [TOP]?",
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"text": "우리 형 여기 있어. ― 너희 누나는? ― Uri hyeong yeogi isseo. ― neohui nuna-neun? ― My brother is here. ― And your sister [TOP]?",
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"text": "눈은 예쁘네.",
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"english": "She has lots of friends [TOP] but no best friend [TOP].",
"roman": "Chin'gu-neun maneunde jeolchin-eun eopda.",
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"english": "I can't live without [TOP] you.",
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"english": "Today [TOP] is too cold.",
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"text": "오늘은 너무 춥다.",
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"english": "Let's forget about that business [TOP].",
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"english": "In Seoul [TOP], there are too many people.",
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"The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:",
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},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Korea [TOP] is not a small country.",
"roman": "Han'gug-eun jageun nara-ga animnida.",
"text": "한국은 작은 나라가 아닙니다.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "The sun [TOP] rises every morning in the east.",
"roman": "Hae-neun maeil achim dongjjog-eseo tteunda.",
"text": "해는 매일 아침 동쪽에서 뜬다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:",
"Used to mark the topic in statements of general fact."
],
"links": [
[
"topic",
"topic#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "이건 엄마 꺼야. ― 아빠 꺼는? ― Igeon eomma kkeo-ya. ― appa kkeo-neun? ― This is for Mom. ― And for Dad [TOP]?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "우리 형 여기 있어. ― 너희 누나는? ― Uri hyeong yeogi isseo. ― neohui nuna-neun? ― My brother is here. ― And your sister [TOP]?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:",
"what about; Used without a predicate to demand new information about an already known topic."
],
"links": [
[
"topic",
"topic#English"
],
[
"what about",
"what about"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Her eyes [TOP] are pretty [implied: but she is otherwise not pretty.]",
"roman": "Nun-eun yeppeune.",
"text": "눈은 예쁘네.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "She has lots of friends [TOP] but no best friend [TOP].",
"roman": "Chin'gu-neun maneunde jeolchin-eun eopda.",
"text": "친구는 많은데 절친은 없다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:",
"Used in contrastive constructions, often with an exclusive sense (i.e. this and not anything else)."
],
"links": [
[
"topic",
"topic#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I can't live without [TOP] you.",
"roman": "Neo eopsi-neun mot sanda.",
"text": "너 없이는 못 산다.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:",
"Used with an emphatic sense."
],
"links": [
[
"topic",
"topic#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I [TOP] don't have anything in particular I want to say.",
"roman": "na-n ttakhi hago sipeun mal eopsseo.",
"text": "난 딱히 하고 싶은 말 없어.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The Korean topic marker, with various nuances according to context:",
"Used to background previously known information, in order to highlight the importance of the statement which follows; the marked topic is omittable."
],
"links": [
[
"topic",
"topic#English"
],
[
"background",
"background#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɯn]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "은"
},
{
"other": "[은]"
}
],
"word": "-은"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean suffixes",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms derived from Old Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Old Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Middle Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "adnominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-은/-ᄋᆞᆫ",
"2": "-un/on"
},
"expansion": "은/ᄋᆞᆫ (Yale: -un/on)",
"name": "okm-inline"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "oko",
"3": "隱",
"tr": "*-(u)n"
},
"expansion": "Old Korean 隱 (*-(u)n)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Korean 은/ᄋᆞᆫ (Yale: -un/on), from Old Korean 隱 (*-(u)n).\nIn Old Korean, a (perhaps the) primary function of this suffix was to form verbal gerunds that could function as nouns, much as English -ing-forms serve as both independent nouns and to attribute nouns adjectivally; this nominalizing usage was only vestigial in Middle Korean and is wholly defunct today.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "은",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-eun",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "ㄴ",
"roman": "-n",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "은 • (-eun)",
"name": "ko-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"roman": "-neun",
"word": "는"
},
{
"roman": "-deon",
"word": "던"
},
{
"roman": "-eunde",
"word": "은데"
},
{
"roman": "-eunji",
"word": "은지"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the dictionary which you borrowed yesterday",
"roman": "ne-ga eoje billin sajeon",
"text": "네가 어제 빌린 사전",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the bread which I ate yesterday",
"roman": "eoje meog-eun ppang",
"text": "어제 먹은 빵",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "the man wearing (that put on) a deep blue suit",
"roman": "peoreon jeongjang-eul ibeun namja",
"text": "퍼런 정장을 입은 남자",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"that, which; past adnominal suffix for verbal stems, often carries a perfect meaning."
],
"links": [
[
"that",
"that"
],
[
"which",
"which"
],
[
"perfect",
"perfect#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-었는"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Korean terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "hands which are cold; cold hands",
"roman": "chagaun son",
"text": "차가운 손",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "beautiful lady; lady who is beautiful",
"roman": "areumdaun yeoin",
"text": "아름다운 여인",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Realis adnominal suffix for adjectival stems."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-었는"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɯn]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"hangeul": "은"
},
{
"other": "[은]"
}
],
"word": "-은"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -은 meaning in All languages combined (8.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.