See 겹다 on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 겹다 meaning in All languages combined (24.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "nunmulgyeopda",
"word": "눈물겹다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yeokgyeopda",
"word": "역겹다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jeonggyeopda",
"word": "정겹다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "heunggyeopda",
"word": "흥겹다"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "himgyeopda",
"word": "힘겹다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yb",
"2": "계우다",
"3": "kyeyGwuta",
"dot": ","
},
"expansion": "First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 계우다 (Yale: kyeyGwuta),",
"name": "ko-etym-native"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "of time"
},
"expansion": "(of time)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "okm",
"2": "계다",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "계다",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "계다",
"2": "kyeyta",
"3": "to pass (of time)"
},
"expansion": "계다 (Yale: kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”)",
"name": "okm-inline"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/β/"
},
"expansion": "/β/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/w/"
},
"expansion": "/w/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-p/"
},
"expansion": "/-p/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-w/"
},
"expansion": "/-w/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/u~w/"
},
"expansion": "/u~w/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-p/"
},
"expansion": "/-p/",
"name": "IPAfont"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 계우다 (Yale: kyeyGwuta), a transitive verb meaning \"to lose to; to be defeated by; to fail to overcome\". The verb has the shape of a -Gwu- causative, but the putative etymon, 계다 (Yale: kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”), is not clearly semantically connected.\nIn the late fifteenth century, Middle Korean /β/ lenited to /w/, which created a series of Korean verb stems which irregularly alternated between coda /-p/ and /-w/. At some later point, kyey(G)wu- was mistakenly reanalyzed as being such an irregular stem instead of a regular /u~w/-final stem, resulting in the modern /-p/ stem. As for the vowel shift, it is likely that with the loss of the Middle Korean consonant G, the stem kyey.wu- was reanalyzed as kye.ywu- after which the second vowel simplified, creating the modern form. Both sound shifts are first widely attested in the eighteenth century. The verb apparently adjectivalized at around the same time, when the object was reanalyzed as the subject of the inflecting stem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gyeopda",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"tags": [
"sequential"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겹다",
"roman": "gyeopda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니다",
"roman": "gyeopseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠다",
"roman": "gyeowotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니다",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우냐",
"roman": "gyeounya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니까",
"roman": "gyeopseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠냐",
"roman": "gyeowonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니까",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠다",
"roman": "gyeopgetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어",
"roman": "gyeopgesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어요",
"roman": "gyeopgesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeopgetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워서",
"roman": "gyeowoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"roman": "gyeouni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니까",
"roman": "gyeounikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹지만",
"roman": "gyeopjiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운데",
"roman": "gyeounde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹더니",
"roman": "gyeopdeoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹고",
"roman": "gyeopgo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우면",
"roman": "gyeoumyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워야",
"roman": "gyeowoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨움",
"roman": "gyeoum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겹기",
"roman": "gyeopgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠음",
"roman": "gyeowosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠기",
"roman": "gyeowotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운",
"roman": "gyeoun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨울",
"roman": "gyeoul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시다",
"roman": "gyeousida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니다",
"roman": "gyeousimnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시냐",
"roman": "gyeousinya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니까",
"roman": "gyeousimnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨냐",
"roman": "gyeousyeonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니까",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠다",
"roman": "gyeousigetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어",
"roman": "gyeousigesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어요",
"roman": "gyeousigesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeousigetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔서",
"roman": "gyeousyeoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니",
"roman": "gyeousini",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니까",
"roman": "gyeousinikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시지만",
"roman": "gyeousijiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신데",
"roman": "gyeousinde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시더니",
"roman": "gyeousideoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시고",
"roman": "gyeousigo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시면",
"roman": "gyeousimyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔야",
"roman": "gyeousyeoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우심",
"roman": "gyeousim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시기",
"roman": "gyeousigi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨음",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨기",
"roman": "gyeousyeotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신",
"roman": "gyeousin",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우실",
"roman": "gyeousil",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"irreg": "y"
},
"expansion": "겹다 • (gyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 겨워, sequential 겨우니)",
"name": "ko-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 49 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 45 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 52 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Native Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be too much (for someone); to be excessive; to be beyond one's capacity"
],
"id": "en-겹다-ko-adj-0g4jw6-D",
"links": [
[
"task",
"task"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"too much",
"too much"
],
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"beyond",
"beyond"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
]
],
"qualifier": "situation",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of task, situation, etc.) to be too much (for someone); to be excessive; to be beyond one's capacity"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of task"
],
"tags": [
"irregular",
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 52 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 49 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 50 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 45 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 52 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Native Korean words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be overwhelmed (with emotion); to be beyond restraint; to be uncontrollable"
],
"id": "en-겹다-ko-adj-aet4BRdB",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"overwhelmed",
"overwhelmed"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"beyond",
"beyond"
],
[
"restraint",
"restraint"
],
[
"uncontrollable",
"uncontrollable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person) to be overwhelmed (with emotion); to be beyond restraint; to be uncontrollable"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person"
],
"tags": [
"irregular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkjɘ(ː)p̚t͈a̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"other": "[겹(ː)따]"
}
],
"word": "겹다"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "of time"
},
"expansion": "(of time)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "계다",
"t": "to pass (of time)",
"tr": "kyeyta"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean 계다 (kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Presumably from Middle Korean 계다 (kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”), but appears to have merged phonologically and grammatically with the \"to be excessive\" adjective above, becoming an adjective and undergoing highly irregular sound shifts.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gyeopda",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"tags": [
"sequential"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겹다",
"roman": "gyeopda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니다",
"roman": "gyeopseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠다",
"roman": "gyeowotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니다",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우냐",
"roman": "gyeounya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니까",
"roman": "gyeopseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠냐",
"roman": "gyeowonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니까",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠다",
"roman": "gyeopgetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어",
"roman": "gyeopgesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어요",
"roman": "gyeopgesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeopgetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워서",
"roman": "gyeowoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"roman": "gyeouni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니까",
"roman": "gyeounikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹지만",
"roman": "gyeopjiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운데",
"roman": "gyeounde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹더니",
"roman": "gyeopdeoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹고",
"roman": "gyeopgo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우면",
"roman": "gyeoumyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워야",
"roman": "gyeowoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨움",
"roman": "gyeoum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겹기",
"roman": "gyeopgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠음",
"roman": "gyeowosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠기",
"roman": "gyeowotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운",
"roman": "gyeoun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨울",
"roman": "gyeoul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시다",
"roman": "gyeousida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니다",
"roman": "gyeousimnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시냐",
"roman": "gyeousinya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니까",
"roman": "gyeousimnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨냐",
"roman": "gyeousyeonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니까",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠다",
"roman": "gyeousigetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어",
"roman": "gyeousigesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어요",
"roman": "gyeousigesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeousigetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔서",
"roman": "gyeousyeoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니",
"roman": "gyeousini",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니까",
"roman": "gyeousinikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시지만",
"roman": "gyeousijiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신데",
"roman": "gyeousinde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시더니",
"roman": "gyeousideoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시고",
"roman": "gyeousigo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시면",
"roman": "gyeousimyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔야",
"roman": "gyeousyeoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우심",
"roman": "gyeousim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시기",
"roman": "gyeousigi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨음",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨기",
"roman": "gyeousyeotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신",
"roman": "gyeousin",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우실",
"roman": "gyeousil",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"irreg": "y"
},
"expansion": "겹다 • (gyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 겨워, sequential 겨우니)",
"name": "ko-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to have already passed"
],
"id": "en-겹다-ko-adj-Q9x7vbbB",
"links": [
[
"season",
"season"
],
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"already",
"already"
],
[
"passed",
"passed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of season, time) to have already passed"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of season"
],
"tags": [
"irregular"
],
"topics": [
"time"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkjɘ(ː)p̚t͈a̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"other": "[겹(ː)따]"
}
],
"word": "겹다"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean adjectives",
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean p-irregular adjectives",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms inherited from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Native Korean words"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "nunmulgyeopda",
"word": "눈물겹다"
},
{
"roman": "yeokgyeopda",
"word": "역겹다"
},
{
"roman": "jeonggyeopda",
"word": "정겹다"
},
{
"roman": "heunggyeopda",
"word": "흥겹다"
},
{
"roman": "himgyeopda",
"word": "힘겹다"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yb",
"2": "계우다",
"3": "kyeyGwuta",
"dot": ","
},
"expansion": "First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 계우다 (Yale: kyeyGwuta),",
"name": "ko-etym-native"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "of time"
},
"expansion": "(of time)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "okm",
"2": "계다",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "계다",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "계다",
"2": "kyeyta",
"3": "to pass (of time)"
},
"expansion": "계다 (Yale: kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”)",
"name": "okm-inline"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/β/"
},
"expansion": "/β/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/w/"
},
"expansion": "/w/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-p/"
},
"expansion": "/-p/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-w/"
},
"expansion": "/-w/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/u~w/"
},
"expansion": "/u~w/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-p/"
},
"expansion": "/-p/",
"name": "IPAfont"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 계우다 (Yale: kyeyGwuta), a transitive verb meaning \"to lose to; to be defeated by; to fail to overcome\". The verb has the shape of a -Gwu- causative, but the putative etymon, 계다 (Yale: kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”), is not clearly semantically connected.\nIn the late fifteenth century, Middle Korean /β/ lenited to /w/, which created a series of Korean verb stems which irregularly alternated between coda /-p/ and /-w/. At some later point, kyey(G)wu- was mistakenly reanalyzed as being such an irregular stem instead of a regular /u~w/-final stem, resulting in the modern /-p/ stem. As for the vowel shift, it is likely that with the loss of the Middle Korean consonant G, the stem kyey.wu- was reanalyzed as kye.ywu- after which the second vowel simplified, creating the modern form. Both sound shifts are first widely attested in the eighteenth century. The verb apparently adjectivalized at around the same time, when the object was reanalyzed as the subject of the inflecting stem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gyeopda",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"tags": [
"sequential"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겹다",
"roman": "gyeopda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니다",
"roman": "gyeopseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠다",
"roman": "gyeowotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니다",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우냐",
"roman": "gyeounya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니까",
"roman": "gyeopseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠냐",
"roman": "gyeowonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니까",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠다",
"roman": "gyeopgetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어",
"roman": "gyeopgesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어요",
"roman": "gyeopgesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeopgetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워서",
"roman": "gyeowoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"roman": "gyeouni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니까",
"roman": "gyeounikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹지만",
"roman": "gyeopjiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운데",
"roman": "gyeounde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹더니",
"roman": "gyeopdeoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹고",
"roman": "gyeopgo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우면",
"roman": "gyeoumyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워야",
"roman": "gyeowoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨움",
"roman": "gyeoum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겹기",
"roman": "gyeopgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠음",
"roman": "gyeowosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠기",
"roman": "gyeowotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운",
"roman": "gyeoun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨울",
"roman": "gyeoul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시다",
"roman": "gyeousida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니다",
"roman": "gyeousimnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시냐",
"roman": "gyeousinya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니까",
"roman": "gyeousimnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨냐",
"roman": "gyeousyeonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니까",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠다",
"roman": "gyeousigetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어",
"roman": "gyeousigesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어요",
"roman": "gyeousigesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeousigetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔서",
"roman": "gyeousyeoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니",
"roman": "gyeousini",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니까",
"roman": "gyeousinikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시지만",
"roman": "gyeousijiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신데",
"roman": "gyeousinde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시더니",
"roman": "gyeousideoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시고",
"roman": "gyeousigo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시면",
"roman": "gyeousimyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔야",
"roman": "gyeousyeoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우심",
"roman": "gyeousim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시기",
"roman": "gyeousigi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨음",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨기",
"roman": "gyeousyeotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신",
"roman": "gyeousin",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우실",
"roman": "gyeousil",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"irreg": "y"
},
"expansion": "겹다 • (gyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 겨워, sequential 겨우니)",
"name": "ko-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to be too much (for someone); to be excessive; to be beyond one's capacity"
],
"links": [
[
"task",
"task"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"too much",
"too much"
],
[
"excessive",
"excessive"
],
[
"beyond",
"beyond"
],
[
"capacity",
"capacity"
]
],
"qualifier": "situation",
"raw_glosses": [
"(of task, situation, etc.) to be too much (for someone); to be excessive; to be beyond one's capacity"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of task"
],
"tags": [
"irregular",
"usually"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be overwhelmed (with emotion); to be beyond restraint; to be uncontrollable"
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"overwhelmed",
"overwhelmed"
],
[
"emotion",
"emotion"
],
[
"beyond",
"beyond"
],
[
"restraint",
"restraint"
],
[
"uncontrollable",
"uncontrollable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person) to be overwhelmed (with emotion); to be beyond restraint; to be uncontrollable"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person"
],
"tags": [
"irregular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkjɘ(ː)p̚t͈a̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"other": "[겹(ː)따]"
}
],
"word": "겹다"
}
{
"categories": [
"Korean adjectives",
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean p-irregular adjectives",
"Korean terms derived from Middle Korean",
"Korean terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Korean terms with redundant transliterations",
"Middle Korean terms with redundant transliterations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "of time"
},
"expansion": "(of time)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "okm",
"3": "계다",
"t": "to pass (of time)",
"tr": "kyeyta"
},
"expansion": "Middle Korean 계다 (kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Presumably from Middle Korean 계다 (kyeyta, “to pass (of time)”), but appears to have merged phonologically and grammatically with the \"to be excessive\" adjective above, becoming an adjective and undergoing highly irregular sound shifts.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gyeopda",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"tags": [
"sequential"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겹다",
"roman": "gyeopda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니다",
"roman": "gyeopseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠다",
"roman": "gyeowotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니다",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우냐",
"roman": "gyeounya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워요",
"roman": "gyeowoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹습니까",
"roman": "gyeopseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠냐",
"roman": "gyeowonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어",
"roman": "gyeowosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠어요",
"roman": "gyeowosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠습니까",
"roman": "gyeowotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠다",
"roman": "gyeopgetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어",
"roman": "gyeopgesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠어요",
"roman": "gyeopgesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeopgetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워",
"roman": "gyeowo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워서",
"roman": "gyeowoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니",
"roman": "gyeouni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우니까",
"roman": "gyeounikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹지만",
"roman": "gyeopjiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운데",
"roman": "gyeounde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겹더니",
"roman": "gyeopdeoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겹고",
"roman": "gyeopgo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우면",
"roman": "gyeoumyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨워야",
"roman": "gyeowoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨움",
"roman": "gyeoum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겹기",
"roman": "gyeopgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠음",
"roman": "gyeowosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨웠기",
"roman": "gyeowotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨운",
"roman": "gyeoun",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨울",
"roman": "gyeoul",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ko-conj/adj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "consonant-stem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시다",
"roman": "gyeousida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니다",
"roman": "gyeousimnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니다",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"indicative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시냐",
"roman": "gyeousinya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우세요",
"roman": "gyeouseyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔요",
"roman": "gyeousyeoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"non-past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우십니까",
"roman": "gyeousimnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"non-past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨냐",
"roman": "gyeousyeonnya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨어요",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"interrogative",
"past",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨습니까",
"roman": "gyeousyeotseumnikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"interrogative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠다",
"roman": "gyeousigetda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어",
"roman": "gyeousigesseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠어요",
"roman": "gyeousigesseoyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시겠습니다",
"roman": "gyeousigetseumnida",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"assertive",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔",
"roman": "gyeousyeo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔서",
"roman": "gyeousyeoseo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니",
"roman": "gyeousini",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시니까",
"roman": "gyeousinikka",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시지만",
"roman": "gyeousijiman",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신데",
"roman": "gyeousinde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시더니",
"roman": "gyeousideoni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"polite"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시고",
"roman": "gyeousigo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시면",
"roman": "gyeousimyeon",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셔야",
"roman": "gyeousyeoya",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"informal"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우심",
"roman": "gyeousim",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우시기",
"roman": "gyeousigi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨음",
"roman": "gyeousyeosseum",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우셨기",
"roman": "gyeousyeotgi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"informal",
"noun-from-verb",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우신",
"roman": "gyeousin",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"informal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "겨우실",
"roman": "gyeousil",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"future",
"informal"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"irreg": "y"
},
"expansion": "겹다 • (gyeopda) (irregular, infinitive 겨워, sequential 겨우니)",
"name": "ko-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to have already passed"
],
"links": [
[
"season",
"season"
],
[
"time",
"time"
],
[
"already",
"already"
],
[
"passed",
"passed"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of season, time) to have already passed"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of season"
],
"tags": [
"irregular"
],
"topics": [
"time"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈkjɘ(ː)p̚t͈a̠]",
"tags": [
"SK-Standard",
"Seoul"
]
},
{
"other": "[겹(ː)따]"
}
],
"word": "겹다"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.