See 開化 on Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "开化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to become civilized"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-verb-4q1CwK4p",
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to thaw; unfreeze"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-verb-UFyhJcol",
"links": [
[
"thaw",
"thaw"
],
[
"unfreeze",
"unfreeze"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal) to thaw; unfreeze"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to blossom; to mature; to reach fruition"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-verb-kp9zKGJQ",
"links": [
[
"blossom",
"blossom"
],
[
"mature",
"mature"
],
[
"fruition",
"fruition"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kaihuå"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "kʻai¹-hua⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "kāi-hwa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kai.huah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "кайхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "kajxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hōi fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "koi^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "koi¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qai'hoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "khoj xwaeH"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "cǎomèi",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "草昧"
},
{
"roman": "shǐzǔ",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"tags": [
"attributive"
],
"word": "始祖"
},
{
"roman": "yuánshǐ",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"word": "原始"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "开化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"civilized"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-adj-0HVhwd-L"
},
{
"glosses": [
"liberal; progressive; open-minded"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-adj-QQD~CRmQ",
"links": [
[
"liberal",
"liberal"
],
[
"progressive",
"progressive"
],
[
"open-minded",
"open-minded"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 3 59 27 2 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 39 6 2 3 4 17 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 47 4 1 2 3 20 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"in good spirits"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-adj-mSihIN2f",
"links": [
[
"good spirits",
"good spirits"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kaihuå"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "kʻai¹-hua⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "kāi-hwa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kai.huah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "кайхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "kajxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hōi fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "koi^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "koi¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qai'hoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "khoj xwaeH"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "開化"
},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "開%化",
"2": "かい%か",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "開(かい)化(か) (kaika)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "개화(開化)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"id": "開化",
"id2": "",
"id3": "",
"id4": "",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "khai hoá",
"bor": "1",
"id": "開化",
"t": "",
"tr": "開化"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "開化",
"2": "かい%か",
"3": "개화",
"4": "khai hoá",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "開化",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "開化",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "開%化",
"v": "開化",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (開化):\n* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)\n* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)\n* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "かい%か",
"3": "개화",
"4": "khai hoá",
"j": "開%化"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (開化):\n* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)\n* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)\n* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (開化):\n* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)\n* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)\n* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "开化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Counties of China",
"orig": "zh:Counties of China",
"parents": [
"Counties",
"Places",
"Political subdivisions",
"Names",
"Polities",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Zhejiang",
"orig": "zh:Places in Zhejiang",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)"
],
"id": "en-開化-zh-name-P7Wi4w9a",
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Kaihua County",
"w:Kaihua County"
],
[
"Zhejiang",
"Zhejiang#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kaihuå"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "kʻai¹-hua⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "kāi-hwa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kai.huah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "кайхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "kajxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hōi fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "koi^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "koi¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qai'hoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "khoj xwaeH"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "開化",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kaikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "かいくわ",
"roman": "kaikwa",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かいか",
"hhira": "かいくわ"
},
"expansion": "開(かい)化(か) • (kaika) ^(←かいくわ (kaikwa)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The Civilizing of Modern Japan (1911 lecture by Natsume Soseki)",
"roman": "“Gendai nihon no kaika”",
"ruby": [
[
"現代日本",
"げんだいにほん"
],
[
"開化",
"かいか"
]
],
"text": "『現代日本の開化』",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)"
],
"id": "en-開化-ja-noun-HmqyReHB",
"links": [
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
],
[
"modernization",
"modernization"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かいか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "開化する",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kaikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "開化し",
"roman": "kaika shi",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "開化した",
"roman": "kaika shita",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "開化し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "開化する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "開化すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "開化せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "開化しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "開化させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "開化しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "開化しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "開化した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "開化して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "開化すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)"
],
"id": "en-開化-ja-verb-uvHs~jyb",
"links": [
[
"civilize",
"civilize"
],
[
"modernize",
"modernize"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かいか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 化",
"Chinese terms spelled with 開",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Middle Chinese verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "开化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to become civilized"
],
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"civilized",
"civilized"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese dialectal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"to thaw; unfreeze"
],
"links": [
[
"thaw",
"thaw"
],
[
"unfreeze",
"unfreeze"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dialectal) to thaw; unfreeze"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to blossom; to mature; to reach fruition"
],
"links": [
[
"blossom",
"blossom"
],
[
"mature",
"mature"
],
[
"fruition",
"fruition"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kaihuå"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "kʻai¹-hua⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "kāi-hwa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kai.huah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "кайхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "kajxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hōi fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "koi^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "koi¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qai'hoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "khoj xwaeH"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"roman": "cǎomèi",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "草昧"
},
{
"roman": "shǐzǔ",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"tags": [
"attributive"
],
"word": "始祖"
},
{
"roman": "yuánshǐ",
"sense": "antonym(s) of “civilized”",
"word": "原始"
}
],
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 化",
"Chinese terms spelled with 開",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Middle Chinese verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "开化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"civilized"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"liberal; progressive; open-minded"
],
"links": [
[
"liberal",
"liberal"
],
[
"progressive",
"progressive"
],
[
"open-minded",
"open-minded"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"in good spirits"
],
"links": [
[
"good spirits",
"good spirits"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kaihuå"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "kʻai¹-hua⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "kāi-hwa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kai.huah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "кайхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "kajxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hōi fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "koi^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "koi¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qai'hoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "khoj xwaeH"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Advanced Mandarin",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 化",
"Chinese terms spelled with 開",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Middle Chinese verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "開化"
},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "開%化",
"2": "かい%か",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "開(かい)化(か) (kaika)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "개화(開化)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"id": "開化",
"id2": "",
"id3": "",
"id4": "",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "khai hoá",
"bor": "1",
"id": "開化",
"t": "",
"tr": "開化"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "開化",
"2": "かい%か",
"3": "개화",
"4": "khai hoá",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "開化",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "開化",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "開%化",
"v": "開化",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (開化):\n* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)\n* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)\n* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "かい%か",
"3": "개화",
"4": "khai hoá",
"j": "開%化"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (開化):\n* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)\n* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)\n* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (開化):\n* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)\n* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)\n* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "开化",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "開化",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English links with redundant alt parameters",
"English links with redundant wikilinks",
"zh:Counties of China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Zhejiang"
],
"glosses": [
"Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Kaihua County",
"w:Kaihua County"
],
[
"Zhejiang",
"Zhejiang#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ㄏㄨㄚˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihuà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "kāihua"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "kaihuå"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "kʻai¹-hua⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "kāi-hwa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "kai.huah"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "кайхуа"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "kajxua"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "hōi fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ faa³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "hoi¹ fa³"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh-pron": "khôi-fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System"
],
"zh-pron": "koi^ˊ fa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka"
],
"zh-pron": "koi¹ fa⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-hòa"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "khai-huà"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "qai'hoax"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "khoj xwaeH"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/"
},
{
"ipa": "/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with わ",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "開化",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kaikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "かいくわ",
"roman": "kaikwa",
"tags": [
"hiragana",
"historical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "かいか",
"hhira": "かいくわ"
},
"expansion": "開(かい)化(か) • (kaika) ^(←かいくわ (kaikwa)?)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The Civilizing of Modern Japan (1911 lecture by Natsume Soseki)",
"roman": "“Gendai nihon no kaika”",
"ruby": [
[
"現代日本",
"げんだいにほん"
],
[
"開化",
"かいか"
]
],
"text": "『現代日本の開化』",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)"
],
"links": [
[
"civilization",
"civilization"
],
[
"modernization",
"modernization"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かいか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms historically spelled with わ",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "開化する",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "kaikwa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "開化し",
"roman": "kaika shi",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "開化した",
"roman": "kaika shita",
"ruby": [
[
"開",
"かい"
],
[
"化",
"か"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "開化し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "開化する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "開化すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "開化せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "開化しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "開化させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "開化しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "開化しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "開化します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "開化した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "開化して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "開化すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "かいかすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kaika sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)"
],
"links": [
[
"civilize",
"civilize"
],
[
"modernize",
"modernize"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "かいか"
},
{
"ipa": "[ka̠ika̠]"
}
],
"word": "開化"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 開化 meaning in All languages combined (19.8kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "開化",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 2"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"開化"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "開化",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.