See 敦煌 on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 敦煌 meaning in All languages combined (8.2kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Dunhuang",
"3": "Tun-huang",
"4": "Tunhuang",
"5": "Tunhwang",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏",
"sc": "Sogo",
"ts": "*θurwān, θruwān"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "early 4th century"
},
"expansion": "[early 4th century]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gharib, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gharib, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Θροάνα"
},
"expansion": "Θροάνα (Throána)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "敦煌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Cities in Gansu",
"orig": "zh:Cities in Gansu",
"parents": [
"Cities",
"Places",
"Polities",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "69 15 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-YHIVjJe5",
"links": [
[
"市",
"市#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Historical political subdivisions",
"orig": "zh:Historical political subdivisions",
"parents": [
"Political subdivisions",
"Polities",
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-6SAyjUrM",
"links": [
[
"郡",
"郡#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"commandery",
"commandery"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Counties of China",
"orig": "zh:Counties of China",
"parents": [
"Counties",
"Places",
"Political subdivisions",
"Names",
"Polities",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu",
"parents": [
"Places",
"Names",
"All topics",
"Proper nouns",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-lsJV7bUL",
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunʹxuan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/"
},
{
"other": "[ɢ]"
},
{
"other": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Geography (Ptolemy)"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms derived from Iranian languages",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese lemmas"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Dunhuang",
"3": "Tun-huang",
"4": "Tunhuang",
"5": "Tunhwang",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏",
"sc": "Sogo",
"ts": "*θurwān, θruwān"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "early 4th century"
},
"expansion": "[early 4th century]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gharib, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gharib, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Θροάνα"
},
"expansion": "Θροάνα (Throána)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "敦煌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"zh:Cities in Gansu",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu"
],
"glosses": [
"Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"市",
"市#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Historical political subdivisions",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu"
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"郡",
"郡#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"commandery",
"commandery"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Counties of China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu"
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunʹxuan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/"
},
{
"other": "[ɢ]"
},
{
"other": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Geography (Ptolemy)"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.