See 敦煌 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Dunhuang",
"3": "Tun-huang",
"4": "Tunhuang",
"5": "Tunhwang",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏",
"sc": "Sogo",
"ts": "*θurwān, θruwān"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "early 4th century"
},
"expansion": "[early 4th century]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gharib, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gharib, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "*燉煌"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "敦煌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "71 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 16 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 16 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-XPhvzE85",
"links": [
[
"市",
"市#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Former political divisions",
"orig": "zh:Former political divisions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-6SAyjUrM",
"links": [
[
"郡",
"郡#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"commandery",
"commandery"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in China",
"orig": "zh:Places in China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "place",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Places in Gansu, China",
"orig": "zh:Places in Gansu, China",
"parents": [
"Places"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-lsJV7bUL",
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"county",
"county"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunʹxuan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/"
},
{
"other": "[ɢ]"
},
{
"other": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Geography (Ptolemy)"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms derived from Iranian languages",
"Chinese terms spelled with 敦",
"Chinese terms spelled with 煌",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese proper nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Dunhuang",
"3": "Tun-huang",
"4": "Tunhuang",
"5": "Tunhwang",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"nodots": "1"
},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "B.C.E."
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "BCE",
"name": "BCE"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"2": "𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏",
"sc": "Sogo",
"ts": "*θurwān, θruwān"
},
"expansion": "Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "early 4th century"
},
"expansion": "[early 4th century]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gharib, 1995"
},
"expansion": "Gharib, 1995",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966"
},
"expansion": "Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "*燉煌"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "敦煌",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"市",
"市#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～市) Dunhuang (a county-level city of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Former political divisions",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"郡",
"郡#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"ancient",
"ancient"
],
[
"commandery",
"commandery"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"county",
"county"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "Dunʹxuan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA",
"standard"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Min-Nan",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung",
"Min-Nan"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Wu"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/"
},
{
"other": "[ɢ]"
},
{
"other": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Geography (Ptolemy)"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 敦煌 meaning in Chinese (6.8kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu)'",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～市",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～市",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-07-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-07-01 using wiktextract (45c4a21 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.