See 敦煌 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌國"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌国"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西漢敦煌國"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西汉敦煌国"
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
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],
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},
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},
{
"lang": "English",
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],
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},
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{
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{
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"args": {
"1": "Baxter and Sagart, 2014"
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).",
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{
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"expansion": "敦煌",
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"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
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"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-XPhvzE85",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-6SAyjUrM",
"links": [
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"郡",
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[
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[
"ancient",
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"raw_glosses": [
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],
"glosses": [
"(～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-g-eojGYn",
"links": [
[
"～國",
"敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西漢敦煌國",
"西漢敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西汉敦煌国",
"西汉敦煌国#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"kingdom",
"kingdom"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
],
[
"early",
"early"
],
[
"century",
"century"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"tags": [
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},
{
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],
"id": "en-敦煌-zh-name-lsJV7bUL",
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"縣",
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],
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"Dunhuang#English"
],
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"county",
"county"
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"Jiuquan",
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"Gansu",
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"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
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"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
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"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
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"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"roman": "Dunʹxuan",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
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},
{
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"Guangzhou",
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"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
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"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
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"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"raw_tags": [
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"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
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"Guangzhou",
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{
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"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
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],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
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],
"zh_pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
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],
"word": "敦煌"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms derived from Iranian languages",
"Chinese terms spelled with 敦",
"Chinese terms spelled with 煌",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese proper nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
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{
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},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "敦煌国"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌學"
},
{
"roman": "Dūnhuángxué",
"word": "敦煌学"
},
{
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西漢敦煌國"
},
{
"roman": "Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó",
"word": "西汉敦煌国"
}
],
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"etymology_text": "Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the \"Sogdian Ancient Letters\" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).",
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"(～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
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"(historical) (～郡) Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese short forms",
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Former polities",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"links": [
[
"～國",
"敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西漢敦煌國",
"西漢敦煌國#Chinese"
],
[
"西汉敦煌国",
"西汉敦煌国#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"kingdom",
"kingdom"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
],
[
"early",
"early"
],
[
"century",
"century"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) (～國) short for 西漢敦煌國 /西汉敦煌国 (Xī Hàn Dūnhuángguó), Dunhuang (a former kingdom in Gansu, China, during the early 10th century)"
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese terms with historical senses",
"zh:Counties and county-level cities of Gansu, China",
"zh:Places in China",
"zh:Places in Gansu, China"
],
"glosses": [
"(historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
],
"links": [
[
"縣",
"縣#Chinese"
],
[
"Dunhuang",
"Dunhuang#English"
],
[
"county",
"county"
],
[
"Jiuquan",
"Jiuquan#English"
],
[
"Gansu",
"Gansu#English"
],
[
"China",
"China#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dūnhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄨㄣ ㄏㄨㄤˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "Dunhuáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun¹-huang²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "Dwūn-hwáng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "Duenhwang"
},
{
"roman": "Dunʹxuan",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Palladius"
],
"zh_pron": "Дуньхуан"
},
{
"ipa": "/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "deon¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dēun wòhng"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "doen¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "dên¹ wong⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/",
"raw_tags": [
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Hong Kong"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh_pron": "Tun-hông"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "dunhoong"
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Peng'im"
],
"zh_pron": "dung¹ huang⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"POJ"
],
"zh_pron": "tung huâng"
},
{
"ipa": "/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Teochew",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Wugniu"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaon"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"MiniDict"
],
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai"
],
"zh_pron": "ten^平 uaon"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Wiktionary-specific",
"romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "¹ten-uaan"
},
{
"ipa": "/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/",
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Northern",
"Shanghai",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh_pron": "twon hwang"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Baxter-Sagart"
],
"zh_pron": "/*tˤur [ɢ]ʷˤaŋ/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh_pron": "/*doːn ɡʷaːŋ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "Shāzhōu",
"word": "沙州"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Geography (Ptolemy)"
],
"word": "敦煌"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 敦煌 meaning in Chinese (8.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～市",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～市",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～縣",
"path": [
"敦煌"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "敦煌",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-10-21 using wiktextract (da1f971 and f26afeb). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.