"བྱང" meaning in All languages combined

See བྱང on Wiktionary

Noun [Tibetan]

IPA: /*bʲaŋ/, /t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨/ [Lhasa], /ɕõ˩˧/ [Batang], /ɕuŋ˩˧/ [Dêgê], /wɕaŋ/ [Zêkog], /ɕaŋ/ [Bla-Brang] Forms: byang [romanization]
Head templates: {{head|bo|noun}} བྱང • (byang)
  1. north Categories (topical): Directions
    Sense id: en-བྱང-bo-noun-3DZeedQc Disambiguation of Directions: 56 11 0 28 0 5
  2. Short for བྱང་ཐང (byang thang, “northern steppe of Tibet”). Tags: abbreviation, alt-of Alternative form of: བྱང་ཐང (extra: byang thang, “northern steppe of Tibet”) Derived forms: བྱང་ཐང (byang thang), བྱང་པ (byang pa), བྱང་ཕྱོགས (byang phyogs)
    Sense id: en-བྱང-bo-noun-O5mL1il3 Categories (other): Tibetan entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Tibetan entries with incorrect language header: 1 73 4 12 4 5
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Verb [Tibetan]

IPA: /*bʲaŋ/, /t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨/ [Lhasa] Forms: byang [romanization], form བྱང་བ [nominal]
Head templates: {{head|bo|verb form|nominal form|བྱང་བ|head=}} བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ), {{bo-verb form}} བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)
  1. past of འབྱང ('byang) Tags: form-of, past Form of: འབྱང (extra: 'byang)
    Sense id: en-བྱང-bo-verb-eIO5fI3t
  2. imperative of འབྱང ('byang) Tags: form-of, imperative Form of: འབྱང (extra: 'byang)
    Sense id: en-བྱང-bo-verb-OA3~GT1h
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: བྱང་ཆུབ (byang chub), བྱང་བ (byang ba)
Etymology number: 2

Verb [Tibetan]

IPA: /*bʲaŋ/
Head templates: {{head|bo|verb|nominal form|བྱང་བ|head=}} བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ), {{bo-verb}} བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ) Inflection templates: {{bo-conj|བྱང|བྱང|བྱང}} Forms: byang [romanization], form བྱང་བ [nominal], no-table-tags [table-tags], བྱང [present], byang [present, romanization], བྱང [future], byang [future, romanization], བྱང [past], byang [past, romanization]
  1. (intransitive, of an experience) to be great Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-བྱང-bo-verb-7BdA9rEM
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Verb [Tibetan]

IPA: /*bʲaŋ/
Head templates: {{head|bo|verb|nominal form|བྱང་བ|head=}} བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ), {{bo-verb}} བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ) Inflection templates: {{bo-conj|བྱང|བྱང|བྱང}} Forms: byang [romanization], form བྱང་བ [nominal], no-table-tags [table-tags], བྱང [present], byang [present, romanization], བྱང [future], byang [future, romanization], བྱང [past], byang [past, romanization]
  1. (intransitive) to make something soft, smooth through wiping or touching Tags: intransitive
    Sense id: en-བྱང-bo-verb-zJ4clTvb
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 4

Download JSON data for བྱང meaning in All languages combined (6.0kB)

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "56 11 0 28 0 5",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "bo",
          "name": "Directions",
          "orig": "bo:Directions",
          "parents": [
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "north"
      ],
      "id": "en-བྱང-bo-noun-3DZeedQc",
      "links": [
        [
          "north",
          "north"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "byang thang, “northern steppe of Tibet”",
          "word": "བྱང་ཐང"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 73 4 12 4 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 100",
          "roman": "byang thang",
          "word": "བྱང་ཐང"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 100",
          "roman": "byang pa",
          "word": "བྱང་པ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "0 100",
          "roman": "byang phyogs",
          "word": "བྱང་ཕྱོགས"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Short for བྱང་ཐང (byang thang, “northern steppe of Tibet”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-བྱང-bo-noun-O5mL1il3",
      "links": [
        [
          "བྱང་ཐང",
          "བྱང་ཐང#Tibetan"
        ],
        [
          "northern",
          "northern"
        ],
        [
          "steppe",
          "steppe"
        ],
        [
          "Tibet",
          "Tibet"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨/",
      "tags": [
        "Lhasa"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɕõ˩˧/",
      "tags": [
        "Batang"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɕuŋ˩˧/",
      "tags": [
        "Dêgê"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wɕaŋ/",
      "tags": [
        "Zêkog"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɕaŋ/",
      "tags": [
        "Bla-Brang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "50 50",
      "roman": "byang chub",
      "word": "བྱང་ཆུབ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "50 50",
      "roman": "byang ba",
      "word": "བྱང་བ"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "form བྱང་བ",
      "tags": [
        "nominal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "verb form",
        "3": "nominal form",
        "4": "བྱང་བ",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "bo-verb form"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "'byang",
          "word": "འབྱང"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "past of འབྱང ('byang)"
      ],
      "id": "en-བྱང-bo-verb-eIO5fI3t",
      "links": [
        [
          "འབྱང",
          "འབྱང#Tibetan"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "'byang",
          "word": "འབྱང"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "imperative of འབྱང ('byang)"
      ],
      "id": "en-བྱང-bo-verb-OA3~GT1h",
      "links": [
        [
          "འབྱང",
          "འབྱང#Tibetan"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "imperative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨/",
      "tags": [
        "Lhasa"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "form བྱང་བ",
      "tags": [
        "nominal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bo-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "nominal form",
        "4": "བྱང་བ",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "bo-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "བྱང",
        "2": "བྱང",
        "3": "བྱང"
      },
      "name": "bo-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to be great"
      ],
      "id": "en-བྱང-bo-verb-7BdA9rEM",
      "links": [
        [
          "great",
          "great"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, of an experience) to be great"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of an experience"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "form བྱང་བ",
      "tags": [
        "nominal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bo-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "nominal form",
        "4": "བྱང་བ",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "bo-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "བྱང",
        "2": "བྱང",
        "3": "བྱང"
      },
      "name": "bo-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to make something soft, smooth through wiping or touching"
      ],
      "id": "en-བྱང-bo-verb-zJ4clTvb",
      "links": [
        [
          "make",
          "make"
        ],
        [
          "soft",
          "soft"
        ],
        [
          "smooth",
          "smooth"
        ],
        [
          "wiping",
          "wiping"
        ],
        [
          "touch",
          "touch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to make something soft, smooth through wiping or touching"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Requests for audio pronunciation in Tibetan entries",
    "Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
    "Tibetan lemmas",
    "Tibetan nouns",
    "Tibetan terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Tibetan verbs",
    "bo:Directions"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "byang thang",
      "word": "བྱང་ཐང"
    },
    {
      "roman": "byang pa",
      "word": "བྱང་པ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "byang phyogs",
      "word": "བྱང་ཕྱོགས"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "north"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "north",
          "north"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "byang thang, “northern steppe of Tibet”",
          "word": "བྱང་ཐང"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Tibetan short forms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Short for བྱང་ཐང (byang thang, “northern steppe of Tibet”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "བྱང་ཐང",
          "བྱང་ཐང#Tibetan"
        ],
        [
          "northern",
          "northern"
        ],
        [
          "steppe",
          "steppe"
        ],
        [
          "Tibet",
          "Tibet"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨/",
      "tags": [
        "Lhasa"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɕõ˩˧/",
      "tags": [
        "Batang"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɕuŋ˩˧/",
      "tags": [
        "Dêgê"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/wɕaŋ/",
      "tags": [
        "Zêkog"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɕaŋ/",
      "tags": [
        "Bla-Brang"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
    "Tibetan lemmas",
    "Tibetan non-lemma forms",
    "Tibetan terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Tibetan verb forms",
    "Tibetan verbs",
    "bo:Directions"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "byang chub",
      "word": "བྱང་ཆུབ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "byang ba",
      "word": "བྱང་བ"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "form བྱང་བ",
      "tags": [
        "nominal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "verb form",
        "3": "nominal form",
        "4": "བྱང་བ",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "bo-verb form"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "'byang",
          "word": "འབྱང"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "past of འབྱང ('byang)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "འབྱང",
          "འབྱང#Tibetan"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "'byang",
          "word": "འབྱང"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "imperative of འབྱང ('byang)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "འབྱང",
          "འབྱང#Tibetan"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "imperative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡ɕʰaŋ˩˨/",
      "tags": [
        "Lhasa"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
    "Tibetan lemmas",
    "Tibetan terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Tibetan verbs",
    "bo:Directions"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "form བྱང་བ",
      "tags": [
        "nominal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bo-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "nominal form",
        "4": "བྱང་བ",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "bo-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "བྱང",
        "2": "བྱང",
        "3": "བྱང"
      },
      "name": "bo-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Tibetan intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to be great"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "great",
          "great"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, of an experience) to be great"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of an experience"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
    "Tibetan lemmas",
    "Tibetan terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Tibetan verbs",
    "bo:Directions"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "form བྱང་བ",
      "tags": [
        "nominal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bo-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "བྱང",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byang",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "bo",
        "2": "verb",
        "3": "nominal form",
        "4": "བྱང་བ",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "བྱང • (byang) (nominal form བྱང་བ)",
      "name": "bo-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "བྱང",
        "2": "བྱང",
        "3": "བྱང"
      },
      "name": "bo-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Tibetan",
  "lang_code": "bo",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Tibetan intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to make something soft, smooth through wiping or touching"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "make",
          "make"
        ],
        [
          "soft",
          "soft"
        ],
        [
          "smooth",
          "smooth"
        ],
        [
          "wiping",
          "wiping"
        ],
        [
          "touch",
          "touch"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) to make something soft, smooth through wiping or touching"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "other": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/*bʲaŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "བྱང"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.