See उपनिषद् on Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "upniṣad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "hi-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cons-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्",
"roman": "upniṣad",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"direct",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्",
"roman": "upniṣad",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्",
"roman": "upniṣad",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upniṣad) m or f",
"name": "hi-proper noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "((<M.sg>, <F.sg>))"
},
"name": "hi-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "upniṣad",
"word": "उपनिषद"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hindi entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hindi nouns with multiple declensions",
"parents": [
"Nouns with multiple declensions",
"Nouns by inflection type",
"Nouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative spelling of उपनिषद (upniṣad)"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-hi-name-NzBHMV2h",
"links": [
[
"उपनिषद",
"उपनिषद#Hindi"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊp.nɪ.ʂəd̪/",
"tags": [
"Delhi"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊp.nɪ.ʃɐd̪]",
"tags": [
"Delhi"
]
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "upniṣad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mr",
"2": "proper noun",
"g": "n",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upniṣad) n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upniṣad) n",
"name": "mr-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Marathi",
"lang_code": "mr",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "upniṣad",
"word": "उपनिषद"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Marathi entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative spelling of उपनिषद (upniṣad)"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-mr-name-NzBHMV2h",
"links": [
[
"उपनिषद",
"उपनिषद#Marathi"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/up.ni.ʂəd̪/"
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sed-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "sa",
"3": "निषद्",
"4": "उपनिषद्",
"5": "सद्"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "sa",
"3": "उपनिषद्"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपनिषद् (upaniṣad).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upaniṣad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ne-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद् [upʌnisʌd̪]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरू [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾu]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्लाई [upʌnisʌd̪läi]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूलाई [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾuläi]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "instrumental",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
{
"form": "ergative",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्ले [upʌnisʌd̪le]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूले [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾule]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्लाई [upʌnisʌd̪läi]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूलाई [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾuläi]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्बाट [upʌnisʌd̪̚bäʈʌ]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूबाट [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾubäʈʌ]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्को [upʌnisʌd̪̚ko]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूको [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾuko]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्मा [upʌnisʌd̪mä]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूमा [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾumä]",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)",
"name": "ne-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ne-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Nepali",
"lang_code": "ne",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Nepali entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Nepali terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "18 18 46 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Upanishad"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-ne-noun-mm9KWAVk",
"links": [
[
"Upanishad",
"Upanishad"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[upʌnisʌd̪]"
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उप-",
"3": "नि",
"4": "सद्",
"t1": "near, towards",
"t2": "down",
"t3": "to sit",
"tr2": "ní"
},
"expansion": "उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upaniṣád",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"tr": "upaniṣád"
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upaniṣád) stem, f",
"name": "sa-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"an esoteric or secret doctrine, mystical meaning, words of mystery"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-c3vBgx6v",
"links": [
[
"esoteric",
"esoteric"
],
[
"secret",
"secret"
],
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine"
],
[
"mystical",
"mystical"
],
[
"meaning",
"meaning"
],
[
"word",
"word"
],
[
"mystery",
"mystery"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 6 13 6 6 5 2 4 23 14 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 11 8 14 8 8 6 8 10 11 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 4 60 4 4 2 4 5 5 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit roots with prefix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 18 3 3 2 1 2 23 16 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mystical knowledge or instruction"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-0HDuIibY",
"links": [
[
"mystical",
"mystical"
],
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
],
[
"instruction",
"instruction"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Those who have received the clear vision of true knowledge from the sunlike spiritual master, can see you in this way, as the very soul of all souls, the supersoul of everyone’s own self. Thus understanding your original personality, they are able to cross over the ocean of illusory material existence.",
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.14.24",
"roman": "gurvarkalabdhopaniṣatsucakṣuṣā ye te tarantīva bhavānṛtāmbudhim.",
"text": "एवंविधं त्वां सकलात्मनामपि स्वात्मानमात्मात्मतया विचक्षते।\nगुर्वर्कलब्ध्ओपनिषत्सुचक्षुषा ये ते तरन्तीव भवानृताम्बुधिम्॥\nevaṃvidhaṃ tvāṃ sakalātmanāmapi svātmānamātmātmatayā vicakṣate."
},
{
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.87.43",
"roman": "Thus the ancient saints who travel in the upper heavens distilled this nectarean and confidential essence of all the Vedas and Purāṇas.",
"text": "इत्यशेषसमाम्नायपुराण्ओपनिषद्रसः।\nसमुद्धृतः पूर्वजातैर्व्योमयानैर्महात्मभिः॥\nityaśeṣasamāmnāyapurāṇopaniṣadrasaḥ.\nsamuddhṛtaḥ pūrvajātairvyomayānairmahātmabhiḥ."
}
],
"glosses": [
"true knowledge regarding the supreme spirit"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-Y1EOEYv7",
"links": [
[
"true",
"true"
],
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
],
[
"regarding",
"regarding"
],
[
"supreme",
"supreme"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 6 9 8 9 11 3 4 5 14 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms prefixed with उप-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sacred or religious lore"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-YiRqN~7G",
"links": [
[
"sacred",
"sacred"
],
[
"religious",
"religious"
],
[
"lore",
"lore"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"secrecy, seclusion"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-jb~APlHQ",
"links": [
[
"secrecy",
"secrecy"
],
[
"seclusion",
"seclusion"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a lonely place"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-T9EcwdQA",
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"place",
"place"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"religious observance"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-ilW~mZa~",
"links": [
[
"religious",
"religious"
],
[
"observance",
"observance"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 3 6 13 6 6 5 2 4 23 14 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 6 9 8 9 11 3 4 5 14 17 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms prefixed with उप-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 18 3 3 2 1 2 23 16 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"meditation"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-noun-bRnX-EGW",
"links": [
[
"meditation",
"meditation"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ध्यान"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐ.ni.ʂɐ́d/",
"tags": [
"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.pɐ.n̪i.ʂɐd̪/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Sanskrit"
]
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆 (uvaṇisaā)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆 (uvaṇisaā)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "borrowed",
"2": "→"
},
"expansion": "→",
"name": "tooltip"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "→",
"name": "→"
}
],
"text": "→ Hindustani:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hi",
"2": "उपनिषद"
},
"expansion": "Hindi: उपनिषद (upniṣad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hindi: उपनिषद (upniṣad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ur",
"2": "اُپْنِیشَد"
},
"expansion": "Urdu: اُپْنِیشَد (upnīśad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Urdu: اُپْنِیشَد (upnīśad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "उपनिषद्",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Nepali: उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Nepali: उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "",
"slb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Marathi: (semi-learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Marathi: (semi-learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "उपनिखेद",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: उपनिखेद (upanikheda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: उपनिखेद (upanikheda)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Modi script: 𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟 (upanikheda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Modi script: 𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟 (upanikheda)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "اپنکهت",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "opnekhat"
},
"expansion": "→ Persian: اپنکهت (opnekhat)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha"
},
"expansion": "(likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Persian: اپنکهت (opnekhat) (likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "te",
"2": "ఉపనిషత్తు",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Telugu: ఉపనిషత్తు (upaniṣattu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Telugu: ఉపనిషత్తు (upaniṣattu)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उप-",
"3": "नि",
"4": "सद्",
"t1": "near, towards",
"t2": "down",
"t3": "to sit",
"tr2": "ní"
},
"expansion": "उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upaniṣád",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sa-decl-noun-f",
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"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "root-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषत्",
"roman": "upaniṣát",
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"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदौ",
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"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा1",
"roman": "upaniṣádā1",
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"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "upaniṣádaḥ",
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"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषत्",
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदौ",
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"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा1",
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
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"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदम्",
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदौ",
"roman": "upaniṣádau",
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"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा1",
"roman": "upaniṣádā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "upaniṣádaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा",
"roman": "upaniṣádā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्याम्",
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भिः",
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदे",
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"dative",
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]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्याम्",
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"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्यः",
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
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"ablative",
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]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्याम्",
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"ablative",
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]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्यः",
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"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
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"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदोः",
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"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदाम्",
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]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदि",
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"locative",
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]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदोः",
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"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषत्सु",
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"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"g": "f",
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},
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}
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{
"args": {
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{
"categories": [],
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{
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.45.33",
"roman": "That best of brāhmaṇas, the spiritual master Sāndīpani, was satisfied with Their submissive behaviour, and thus he taught them the entire Vedas, together with their six corollaries and the Upaniṣads.",
"text": "तयोर्द्विजवरस्तुष्टः शुद्धभावानुवृत्तिभिः।\nप्रोवाच वेदानखिलान् सङ्ग्ओपनिषदो गुरुः॥\ntayordvijavarastuṣṭaḥ śuddhabhāvānuvṛttibhiḥ.\nprovāca vedānakhilān saṅgopaniṣado guruḥ."
}
],
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"Upanishad"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-name-mm9KWAVk",
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[
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]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
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{
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 8.7.29",
"roman": "O lord, the five important Vedic mantras are represented by your five faces, from which the thirty-eight most celebrated Vedic mantras have been generated. Your Lordship, being celebrated as Lord Śiva, is self-illuminated. You are directly situated as the supreme truth, known as Paramātman.",
"text": "मुखानि पञ्च्ओपनिषदस्तवेश यैस्त्रिंशदष्टोत्तरमन्त्रवर्गः।\nयत्तच्छिवाख्यं परमात्मतत्त्वं देव स्वयंज्योतिरवस्थितिस्ते॥\nmukhāni pañcopaniṣadastaveśa yaistriṃśadaṣṭottaramantravargaḥ.\nyattacchivākhyaṃ paramātmatattvaṃ deva svayaṃjyotiravasthitiste."
}
],
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"a Vedic mantra"
],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-name-lGEg~9Lo",
"links": [
[
"Vedic",
"Vedic"
],
[
"mantra",
"mantra"
]
]
}
],
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{
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"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.pɐ.n̪i.ʂɐd̪/",
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"Classical-Sanskrit"
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}
],
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{
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{
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{
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},
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"name": "af"
}
],
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{
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],
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],
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[
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[
"near",
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},
{
"_dis": "1 2 3 18 3 3 2 1 2 23 16 25",
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],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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],
"id": "en-उपनिषद्-sa-root-BzJ0og57",
"links": [
[
"approach",
"approach"
]
],
"tags": [
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],
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}
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{
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],
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},
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},
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"form": "hi-ndecl",
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्",
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]
},
{
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"singular"
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},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्",
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]
}
],
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},
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],
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{
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},
"name": "hi-ndecl"
}
],
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"lang_code": "hi",
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{
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}
],
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"Hindi masculine nouns",
"Hindi nouns with multiple declensions",
"Hindi nouns with multiple genders",
"Hindi proper nouns",
"Hindi terms with IPA pronunciation",
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"Pages with 4 entries"
],
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],
"links": [
[
"उपनिषद",
"उपनिषद#Hindi"
]
],
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]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ʊp.nɪ.ʂəd̪/",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊp.nɪ.ʃɐd̪]",
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"Delhi"
]
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
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],
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}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "proper noun",
"g": "n",
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},
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{
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},
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],
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"Marathi proper nouns",
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"Pages with 4 entries"
],
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],
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]
],
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}
],
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}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
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{
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],
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"3": "*sed-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
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"4": "उपनिषद्",
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},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
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"2": "sa",
"3": "उपनिषद्"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
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"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
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]
},
{
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},
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},
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]
},
{
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"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"tags": [
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"plural"
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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"tags": [
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]
},
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},
{
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},
{
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"tags": [
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"plural"
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},
{
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
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"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्को [upʌnisʌd̪̚ko]",
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"tags": [
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्हरूको [upʌnisʌd̪ɦʌɾuko]",
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]
},
{
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},
{
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"Nepali terms derived from Sanskrit",
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],
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],
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{
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],
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},
{
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"t3": "to sit",
"tr2": "ní"
},
"expansion": "उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upaniṣád",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"tr": "upaniṣád"
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upaniṣád) stem, f",
"name": "sa-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"an esoteric or secret doctrine, mystical meaning, words of mystery"
],
"links": [
[
"esoteric",
"esoteric"
],
[
"secret",
"secret"
],
[
"doctrine",
"doctrine"
],
[
"mystical",
"mystical"
],
[
"meaning",
"meaning"
],
[
"word",
"word"
],
[
"mystery",
"mystery"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"mystical knowledge or instruction"
],
"links": [
[
"mystical",
"mystical"
],
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
],
[
"instruction",
"instruction"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Sanskrit terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Those who have received the clear vision of true knowledge from the sunlike spiritual master, can see you in this way, as the very soul of all souls, the supersoul of everyone’s own self. Thus understanding your original personality, they are able to cross over the ocean of illusory material existence.",
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.14.24",
"roman": "gurvarkalabdhopaniṣatsucakṣuṣā ye te tarantīva bhavānṛtāmbudhim.",
"text": "एवंविधं त्वां सकलात्मनामपि स्वात्मानमात्मात्मतया विचक्षते।\nगुर्वर्कलब्ध्ओपनिषत्सुचक्षुषा ये ते तरन्तीव भवानृताम्बुधिम्॥\nevaṃvidhaṃ tvāṃ sakalātmanāmapi svātmānamātmātmatayā vicakṣate."
},
{
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.87.43",
"roman": "Thus the ancient saints who travel in the upper heavens distilled this nectarean and confidential essence of all the Vedas and Purāṇas.",
"text": "इत्यशेषसमाम्नायपुराण्ओपनिषद्रसः।\nसमुद्धृतः पूर्वजातैर्व्योमयानैर्महात्मभिः॥\nityaśeṣasamāmnāyapurāṇopaniṣadrasaḥ.\nsamuddhṛtaḥ pūrvajātairvyomayānairmahātmabhiḥ."
}
],
"glosses": [
"true knowledge regarding the supreme spirit"
],
"links": [
[
"true",
"true"
],
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
],
[
"regarding",
"regarding"
],
[
"supreme",
"supreme"
],
[
"spirit",
"spirit"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sacred or religious lore"
],
"links": [
[
"sacred",
"sacred"
],
[
"religious",
"religious"
],
[
"lore",
"lore"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"secrecy, seclusion"
],
"links": [
[
"secrecy",
"secrecy"
],
[
"seclusion",
"seclusion"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a lonely place"
],
"links": [
[
"lonely",
"lonely"
],
[
"place",
"place"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"religious observance"
],
"links": [
[
"religious",
"religious"
],
[
"observance",
"observance"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"meditation"
],
"links": [
[
"meditation",
"meditation"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ध्यान"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐ.ni.ʂɐ́d/",
"tags": [
"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.pɐ.n̪i.ʂɐd̪/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Sanskrit"
]
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Sanskrit compound terms",
"Sanskrit entries with incorrect language header",
"Sanskrit feminine nouns",
"Sanskrit lemmas",
"Sanskrit nouns",
"Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script",
"Sanskrit proper nouns",
"Sanskrit proper nouns in Devanagari script",
"Sanskrit root-stem nouns",
"Sanskrit roots",
"Sanskrit roots with prefix",
"Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Sanskrit terms prefixed with उप-",
"Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pra",
"2": "𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆"
},
"expansion": "Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆 (uvaṇisaā)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆 (uvaṇisaā)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "borrowed",
"2": "→"
},
"expansion": "→",
"name": "tooltip"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "→",
"name": "→"
}
],
"text": "→ Hindustani:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hi",
"2": "उपनिषद"
},
"expansion": "Hindi: उपनिषद (upniṣad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hindi: उपनिषद (upniṣad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ur",
"2": "اُپْنِیشَد"
},
"expansion": "Urdu: اُپْنِیشَد (upnīśad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Urdu: اُپْنِیشَد (upnīśad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ne",
"2": "उपनिषद्",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Nepali: उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Nepali: उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "",
"slb": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Marathi: (semi-learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Marathi: (semi-learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "उपनिखेद",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Devanagari script: उपनिखेद (upanikheda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Devanagari script: उपनिखेद (upanikheda)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "omr",
"2": "𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Modi script: 𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟 (upanikheda)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Modi script: 𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟 (upanikheda)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "اپنکهت",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "opnekhat"
},
"expansion": "→ Persian: اپنکهت (opnekhat)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha"
},
"expansion": "(likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Persian: اپنکهت (opnekhat) (likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "te",
"2": "ఉపనిషత్తు",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Telugu: ఉపనిషత్తు (upaniṣattu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Telugu: ఉపనిషత్తు (upaniṣattu)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उप-",
"3": "नि",
"4": "सद्",
"t1": "near, towards",
"t2": "down",
"t3": "to sit",
"tr2": "ní"
},
"expansion": "उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upaniṣád",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sa-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "root-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषत्",
"roman": "upaniṣát",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदौ",
"roman": "upaniṣádau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा1",
"roman": "upaniṣádā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "upaniṣádaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषत्",
"roman": "úpaniṣat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदौ",
"roman": "úpaniṣadau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा1",
"roman": "úpaniṣadā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "úpaniṣadaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदम्",
"roman": "upaniṣádam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदौ",
"roman": "upaniṣádau",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा1",
"roman": "upaniṣádā1",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "upaniṣádaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदा",
"roman": "upaniṣádā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्याम्",
"roman": "upaniṣádbhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भिः",
"roman": "upaniṣádbhiḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदे",
"roman": "upaniṣáde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्याम्",
"roman": "upaniṣádbhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्यः",
"roman": "upaniṣádbhyaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "upaniṣádaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्याम्",
"roman": "upaniṣádbhyām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषद्भ्यः",
"roman": "upaniṣádbhyaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदः",
"roman": "upaniṣádaḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदोः",
"roman": "upaniṣádoḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदाम्",
"roman": "upaniṣádām",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदि",
"roman": "upaniṣádi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषदोः",
"roman": "upaniṣádoḥ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "उपनिषत्सु",
"roman": "upaniṣátsu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"tr": "upaniṣád"
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upaniṣád) stem, f",
"name": "sa-prop"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "upaniṣád"
},
"name": "sa-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Sanskrit terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.45.33",
"roman": "That best of brāhmaṇas, the spiritual master Sāndīpani, was satisfied with Their submissive behaviour, and thus he taught them the entire Vedas, together with their six corollaries and the Upaniṣads.",
"text": "तयोर्द्विजवरस्तुष्टः शुद्धभावानुवृत्तिभिः।\nप्रोवाच वेदानखिलान् सङ्ग्ओपनिषदो गुरुः॥\ntayordvijavarastuṣṭaḥ śuddhabhāvānuvṛttibhiḥ.\nprovāca vedānakhilān saṅgopaniṣado guruḥ."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Upanishad"
],
"links": [
[
"Upanishad",
"Upanishad"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Sanskrit terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 8.7.29",
"roman": "O lord, the five important Vedic mantras are represented by your five faces, from which the thirty-eight most celebrated Vedic mantras have been generated. Your Lordship, being celebrated as Lord Śiva, is self-illuminated. You are directly situated as the supreme truth, known as Paramātman.",
"text": "मुखानि पञ्च्ओपनिषदस्तवेश यैस्त्रिंशदष्टोत्तरमन्त्रवर्गः।\nयत्तच्छिवाख्यं परमात्मतत्त्वं देव स्वयंज्योतिरवस्थितिस्ते॥\nmukhāni pañcopaniṣadastaveśa yaistriṃśadaṣṭottaramantravargaḥ.\nyattacchivākhyaṃ paramātmatattvaṃ deva svayaṃjyotiravasthitiste."
}
],
"glosses": [
"a Vedic mantra"
],
"links": [
[
"Vedic",
"Vedic"
],
[
"mantra",
"mantra"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐ.ni.ʂɐ́d/",
"tags": [
"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.pɐ.n̪i.ʂɐd̪/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Sanskrit"
]
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Sanskrit compound terms",
"Sanskrit entries with incorrect language header",
"Sanskrit feminine nouns",
"Sanskrit lemmas",
"Sanskrit nouns",
"Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script",
"Sanskrit proper nouns",
"Sanskrit proper nouns in Devanagari script",
"Sanskrit root-stem nouns",
"Sanskrit roots",
"Sanskrit roots with prefix",
"Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Sanskrit terms prefixed with उप-",
"Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उप-",
"3": "नि",
"4": "सद्",
"t1": "near, towards",
"t2": "down",
"t3": "to sit",
"tr2": "ní"
},
"expansion": "उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "upaniṣad",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "root",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "उपनिषद् • (upaniṣad)",
"name": "sa-root"
}
],
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to sit down near to"
],
"links": [
[
"sit down",
"sit down"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to approach"
],
"links": [
[
"approach",
"approach"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/u.pɐ.ni.ʂɐ́d/",
"tags": [
"Vedic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈu.pɐ.n̪i.ʂɐd̪/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Sanskrit"
]
}
],
"word": "उपनिषद्"
}
Download raw JSONL data for उपनिषद् meaning in All languages combined (21.1kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: nominative",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: accusative",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2522",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: instrumental/ergative, style: background:#eff7ff////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: dative",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: ablative",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: genitive",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: locative",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Nepali]; cleaned text: Notes: * -को (-ko) becomes: ** -का (-kā) when followed by a plural noun. ** -की (-kī) when followed by a feminine noun.",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Nepali",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Sanskrit]; cleaned text: Notes",
"path": [
"उपनिषद्"
],
"section": "Sanskrit",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "उपनिषद्",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-09-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-09-20 using wiktextract (af5c55c and 66545a6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.