See قامش on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "sugar cane",
"roman": "şeker kamışı",
"word": "شكر قامشی"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "blowpipe",
"roman": "kamışcık",
"word": "قامشجق"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "place overgrown with reeds",
"roman": "kamışlık",
"word": "قامشلق"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "reedy",
"roman": "kamışlı",
"word": "قامشلی"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "kamış"
},
"expansion": "Turkish: kamış",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkish: kamış"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "խամիշ",
"3": "կամիշ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Armenian: խամիշ (xamiš), կամիշ (kamiš)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Armenian: խամիշ (xamiš), կամիշ (kamiš)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "камъ́ш",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: камъ́ш (kamǎ́š)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: камъ́ш (kamǎ́š)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "камиш",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Macedonian: камиш (kamiš)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Macedonian: камиш (kamiš)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка̀миш",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка̀миш",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка̀миш"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kàmiš",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kàmiš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kàmiš"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kaníš",
"3": "kamež",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Slovene: kaníš, kamež",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Slovene: kaníš, kamež"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*kamïĺ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "qamış"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani qamış",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "ҡамыш"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "хӑмӑл"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "қамыс"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh қамыс (qamys)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz камыш (kamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Tatar камыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "gamyş"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen gamyş",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "qamish"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek qamish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "хомус"
},
"expansion": "Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ; cognate with Azerbaijani qamış, Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış), Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl), Kazakh қамыс (qamys), Kyrgyz камыш (kamış), Tatar камыш (qamış), Turkmen gamyş, Uzbek qamish and Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kamış",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "noun",
"tr": "kamış"
},
"expansion": "قامش • (kamış)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 19 25 11 15 25 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Water plants",
"orig": "ota:Water plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"reed, any of various grass-like plants that grow near water"
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-noun-B21VTJlf",
"links": [
[
"reed",
"reed"
],
[
"grass",
"grass"
],
[
"plant",
"plant"
],
[
"water",
"water"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in general) reed, any of various grass-like plants that grow near water"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "قصب"
},
{
"word": "كلیز"
},
{
"word": "نی"
}
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 8 34 14 16 21 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 34 15 19 23 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 34 15 18 23 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 33 11 16 30 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Gastropods",
"orig": "ota:Gastropods",
"parents": [
"Mollusks",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 19 25 11 15 25 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Water plants",
"orig": "ota:Water plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"common reed (Phragmites australis)"
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-noun-n5PdUwCL",
"links": [
[
"common reed",
"common reed"
],
[
"Phragmites australis",
"Phragmites australis#Translingual"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 6 33 11 16 30 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Gastropods",
"orig": "ota:Gastropods",
"parents": [
"Mollusks",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 19 25 11 15 25 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Water plants",
"orig": "ota:Water plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)"
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-noun-aEPIjsH0",
"links": [
[
"bamboo",
"bamboo"
],
[
"Bambusa vulgaris",
"Bambusa vulgaris#Translingual"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 6 33 11 16 30 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Gastropods",
"orig": "ota:Gastropods",
"parents": [
"Mollusks",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 19 25 11 15 25 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Water plants",
"orig": "ota:Water plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"any instrument made of reed, as a bobbin or the reed of a shuttle"
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-noun-o6V1hgVp",
"links": [
[
"instrument",
"instrument"
],
[
"reed",
"reed"
],
[
"bobbin",
"bobbin"
],
[
"shuttle",
"shuttle"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 6 33 11 16 30 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Gastropods",
"orig": "ota:Gastropods",
"parents": [
"Mollusks",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 19 25 11 15 25 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Water plants",
"orig": "ota:Water plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 5 26 10 14 41 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Genitalia",
"orig": "ota:Genitalia",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Reproduction",
"Sex",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Life",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Nature",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 3 21 9 9 55 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ota",
"name": "Male",
"orig": "ota:Male",
"parents": [
"Gender",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"penis, the male reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse"
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-noun-RmzECZ0G",
"links": [
[
"penis",
"penis"
],
[
"reproductive organ",
"reproductive organ"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) penis, the male reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ابره"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"kind of shellfish (Magilus antiquus)"
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-noun-BVxnm4Sf",
"links": [
[
"shellfish",
"shellfish"
]
]
}
],
"word": "قامش"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*kamïĺ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "qamış"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani qamış",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "ҡамыш"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "хӑмӑл"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "қамыс"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh қамыс (qamys)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz камыш (kamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Tatar камыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "gamyş"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen gamyş",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "qamish"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek qamish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "хомус"
},
"expansion": "Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ; cognate with Azerbaijani qamış, Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış), Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl), Kazakh қамыс (qamys), Kyrgyz камыш (kamış), Tatar камыш (qamış), Turkmen gamyş, Uzbek qamish and Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Kamış",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "proper noun",
"tr": "Kamış"
},
"expansion": "قامش • (Kamış)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"name of several populated places in Anatolia."
],
"id": "en-قامش-ota-name-NVZ~f994",
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
],
[
"Anatolia",
"Anatolia"
]
]
}
],
"word": "قامش"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Ottoman Turkish lemmas",
"Ottoman Turkish nouns",
"Ottoman Turkish proper nouns",
"Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Ottoman Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"ota:Gastropods",
"ota:Genitalia",
"ota:Male",
"ota:Water plants"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "sugar cane",
"roman": "şeker kamışı",
"word": "شكر قامشی"
},
{
"english": "blowpipe",
"roman": "kamışcık",
"word": "قامشجق"
},
{
"english": "place overgrown with reeds",
"roman": "kamışlık",
"word": "قامشلق"
},
{
"english": "reedy",
"roman": "kamışlı",
"word": "قامشلی"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "kamış"
},
"expansion": "Turkish: kamış",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkish: kamış"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "խամիշ",
"3": "կամիշ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Armenian: խամիշ (xamiš), կամիշ (kamiš)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Armenian: խամիշ (xamiš), կամիշ (kamiš)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "камъ́ш",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Bulgarian: камъ́ш (kamǎ́š)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Bulgarian: камъ́ш (kamǎ́š)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "камиш",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Macedonian: камиш (kamiš)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Macedonian: камиш (kamiš)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ка̀миш",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ка̀миш",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ка̀миш"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "kàmiš",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: kàmiš",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: kàmiš"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "kaníš",
"3": "kamež",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Slovene: kaníš, kamež",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Slovene: kaníš, kamež"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*kamïĺ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "qamış"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani qamış",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "ҡамыш"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "хӑмӑл"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "қамыс"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh қамыс (qamys)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz камыш (kamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Tatar камыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "gamyş"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen gamyş",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "qamish"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek qamish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "хомус"
},
"expansion": "Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ; cognate with Azerbaijani qamış, Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış), Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl), Kazakh қамыс (qamys), Kyrgyz камыш (kamış), Tatar камыш (qamış), Turkmen gamyş, Uzbek qamish and Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kamış",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "noun",
"tr": "kamış"
},
"expansion": "قامش • (kamış)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"reed, any of various grass-like plants that grow near water"
],
"links": [
[
"reed",
"reed"
],
[
"grass",
"grass"
],
[
"plant",
"plant"
],
[
"water",
"water"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(in general) reed, any of various grass-like plants that grow near water"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "قصب"
},
{
"word": "كلیز"
},
{
"word": "نی"
}
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"common reed (Phragmites australis)"
],
"links": [
[
"common reed",
"common reed"
],
[
"Phragmites australis",
"Phragmites australis#Translingual"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris)"
],
"links": [
[
"bamboo",
"bamboo"
],
[
"Bambusa vulgaris",
"Bambusa vulgaris#Translingual"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"any instrument made of reed, as a bobbin or the reed of a shuttle"
],
"links": [
[
"instrument",
"instrument"
],
[
"reed",
"reed"
],
[
"bobbin",
"bobbin"
],
[
"shuttle",
"shuttle"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Ottoman Turkish colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"penis, the male reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse"
],
"links": [
[
"penis",
"penis"
],
[
"reproductive organ",
"reproductive organ"
],
[
"sexual intercourse",
"sexual intercourse"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) penis, the male reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ابره"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)"
],
"glosses": [
"kind of shellfish (Magilus antiquus)"
],
"links": [
[
"shellfish",
"shellfish"
]
]
}
],
"word": "قامش"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Ottoman Turkish lemmas",
"Ottoman Turkish nouns",
"Ottoman Turkish proper nouns",
"Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Ottoman Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"ota:Gastropods",
"ota:Genitalia",
"ota:Male",
"ota:Water plants"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*kamïĺ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "qamış"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani qamış",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "ҡамыш"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "хӑмӑл"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "қамыс"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh қамыс (qamys)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz камыш (kamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "камыш"
},
"expansion": "Tatar камыш (qamış)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "gamyş"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen gamyş",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "qamish"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek qamish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "хомус"
},
"expansion": "Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kamïĺ; cognate with Azerbaijani qamış, Bashkir ҡамыш (qamış), Chuvash хӑмӑл (hămăl), Kazakh қамыс (qamys), Kyrgyz камыш (kamış), Tatar камыш (qamış), Turkmen gamyş, Uzbek qamish and Yakut хомус (qomus)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "Kamış",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "proper noun",
"tr": "Kamış"
},
"expansion": "قامش • (Kamış)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"name of several populated places in Anatolia."
],
"links": [
[
"name",
"name"
],
[
"Anatolia",
"Anatolia"
]
]
}
],
"word": "قامش"
}
Download raw JSONL data for قامش meaning in All languages combined (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (d6bf104 and a5af179). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.