See гул on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gulъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gulъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gulъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gulъ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "გულ"
},
"expansion": "Svan გულ (gul)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gulъ, presumably formed from *-lъ and related to *govorъ. Compare semantically analogous Svan გულ (gul).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gul",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́ла",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лы",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лов",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́л",
"roman": "gúl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лы",
"roman": "gúly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́ла",
"roman": "gúla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лов",
"roman": "gúlov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лу",
"roman": "gúlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лам",
"roman": "gúlam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́л",
"roman": "gúl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лы",
"roman": "gúly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лом",
"roman": "gúlom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лами",
"roman": "gúlami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́ле",
"roman": "gúle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лах",
"roman": "gúlax",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prepositional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "гул • (gul) m inan (genitive гу́ла, nominative plural гу́лы, genitive plural гу́лов)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ru",
"name": "Sounds",
"orig": "ru:Sounds",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "90 7 3",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "92 6 2",
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"parents": [],
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{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
35,
41
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
37,
42
]
],
"english": "Back in his room, listening to the hubbub of amazed voices in the General Office, he wrapped up the matches in two large sheets from that morning's newspaper and slipped out without a word to anyone.",
"ref": "1924, Михаил Булгаков [Mikhail Bulgakov], “II. Продукты производства”, in Дьяволиада; English translation from K. M. Cook-Horujy, transl., Diaboliad, Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1990:",
"roman": "U sebjá v kómnate, prislúšivajasʹ k gúlu izumljónnyx golosóv v kanceljárii, on upakovál spíčki v dva ogrómnyx listá sevódnjašnej gazéty i, ne skazávšisʹ nikomú, ótbyl so slúžby domój.",
"text": "У себя́ в ко́мнате, прислу́шиваясь к гу́лу изумлё́нных голосо́в в канцеля́рии, он упакова́л спи́чки в два огро́мных листа́ сего́дняшней газе́ты и, не сказа́вшись никому́, о́тбыл со слу́жбы домо́й.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boom, rumble, rumbling, hum, buzz, din"
],
"id": "en-гул-ru-noun-ayIgzc2C",
"links": [
[
"boom",
"boom"
],
[
"rumble",
"rumble"
],
[
"rumbling",
"rumbling"
],
[
"hum",
"hum"
],
[
"buzz",
"buzz"
],
[
"din",
"din"
]
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "gúlkij",
"word": "гу́лкий"
},
{
"roman": "gúlko",
"word": "гу́лко"
},
{
"roman": "razgúl",
"word": "разгу́л"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡuɫ]"
},
{
"audio": "Ru-гул.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ul"
}
],
"word": "гул"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gul kardan",
"word": "гул кардан"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gulgašt",
"word": "гулгашт"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "guldon",
"word": "гулдон"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gulzor",
"word": "гулзор"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "guliston",
"word": "гулистон"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gulkori",
"word": "гулкорӣ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gulob",
"word": "гулоб"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "gulobi",
"word": "гулобӣ"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "inh",
"3": "fa-cls>گُل>rose",
"id": "flower",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Iranian *wardah\nOld Persian *vr̥dah\nMiddle Persian gwl\nClassical Persian گُل (gul)\nTajik гул (gul)",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "گُل",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian گُل (gul)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "گُل"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Classical Persian گُل (gul)",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Iranian *wardah\nOld Persian *vr̥dah\nMiddle Persian gwl\nClassical Persian گُل (gul)\nTajik гул (gul)\nInherited from Classical Persian گُل (gul).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gul",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "spelling گل",
"tags": [
"Persian"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "noun",
"3": "Persian spelling",
"4": "گل",
"5": "",
"6": "<small>[Term?]</small>",
"f1nolink": "1",
"f2nolink": "1\n-->",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "гул • (gul) (Persian spelling گل)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"fa": "گل"
},
"expansion": "гул • (gul) (Persian spelling گل)",
"name": "tg-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Tajik",
"lang_code": "tg",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tajik entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tajik entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "tg",
"name": "Flowers",
"orig": "tg:Flowers",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
40,
43
]
],
"ref": "940-1020, фирдавсӣ [firdavsi], шаҳнома [šahnoma]:",
"roman": "firdavsi",
"text": "зани шер аз он номаи шаҳрёр\n чу рахшандагул шуд ба вақти баҳор",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
26
]
],
"ref": "1325-1389, ҳофиз [hofiz], девони ҳофиз [devon-i hofiz]:",
"roman": "hofiz",
"text": "субҳдам мурғи чаман бо гули навхоста гуфт\n ноз кам кун ки дар ин боғ басе чун ту шукуфт",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"flower, blossom"
],
"id": "en-гул-tg-noun-q0JwuZu5",
"links": [
[
"flower",
"flower"
],
[
"blossom",
"blossom"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"rose"
],
"id": "en-гул-tg-noun-YY1mOvDx",
"links": [
[
"rose",
"rose"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, literary) rose"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡul/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɡul]"
}
],
"word": "гул"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"tg:Flowers"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gulъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gulъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*gulъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gulъ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "გულ"
},
"expansion": "Svan გულ (gul)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gulъ, presumably formed from *-lъ and related to *govorъ. Compare semantically analogous Svan გულ (gul).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gul",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́ла",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лы",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лов",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́л",
"roman": "gúl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лы",
"roman": "gúly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́ла",
"roman": "gúla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лов",
"roman": "gúlov",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лу",
"roman": "gúlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лам",
"roman": "gúlam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́л",
"roman": "gúl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лы",
"roman": "gúly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лом",
"roman": "gúlom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лами",
"roman": "gúlami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́ле",
"roman": "gúle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "гу́лах",
"roman": "gúlax",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prepositional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "гул • (gul) m inan (genitive гу́ла, nominative plural гу́лы, genitive plural гу́лов)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "gúlkij",
"word": "гу́лкий"
},
{
"roman": "gúlko",
"word": "гу́лко"
},
{
"roman": "razgúl",
"word": "разгу́л"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Russian/ul",
"Rhymes:Russian/ul/1 syllable",
"Russian 1-syllable words",
"Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-a nouns",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form nouns",
"Russian inanimate nouns",
"Russian lemmas",
"Russian links with redundant alt parameters",
"Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"Russian masculine nouns",
"Russian nouns",
"Russian nouns with accent pattern a",
"Russian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Russian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Russian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Russian terms with quotations",
"Russian terms with redundant head parameter",
"ru:Sounds"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
35,
41
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
37,
42
]
],
"english": "Back in his room, listening to the hubbub of amazed voices in the General Office, he wrapped up the matches in two large sheets from that morning's newspaper and slipped out without a word to anyone.",
"ref": "1924, Михаил Булгаков [Mikhail Bulgakov], “II. Продукты производства”, in Дьяволиада; English translation from K. M. Cook-Horujy, transl., Diaboliad, Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1990:",
"roman": "U sebjá v kómnate, prislúšivajasʹ k gúlu izumljónnyx golosóv v kanceljárii, on upakovál spíčki v dva ogrómnyx listá sevódnjašnej gazéty i, ne skazávšisʹ nikomú, ótbyl so slúžby domój.",
"text": "У себя́ в ко́мнате, прислу́шиваясь к гу́лу изумлё́нных голосо́в в канцеля́рии, он упакова́л спи́чки в два огро́мных листа́ сего́дняшней газе́ты и, не сказа́вшись никому́, о́тбыл со слу́жбы домо́й.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boom, rumble, rumbling, hum, buzz, din"
],
"links": [
[
"boom",
"boom"
],
[
"rumble",
"rumble"
],
[
"rumbling",
"rumbling"
],
[
"hum",
"hum"
],
[
"buzz",
"buzz"
],
[
"din",
"din"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɡuɫ]"
},
{
"audio": "Ru-гул.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB.ogg/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Ru-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ul"
}
],
"word": "гул"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tajik entries with etymology trees",
"Tajik entries with incorrect language header",
"Tajik lemmas",
"Tajik nouns",
"Tajik terms derived from Classical Persian",
"Tajik terms derived from Middle Persian",
"Tajik terms derived from Old Persian",
"Tajik terms derived from Proto-Iranian",
"Tajik terms inherited from Classical Persian",
"Tajik terms inherited from Middle Persian",
"Tajik terms inherited from Old Persian",
"Tajik terms inherited from Proto-Iranian",
"Tajik terms with IPA pronunciation",
"tg:Flowers"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "gul kardan",
"word": "гул кардан"
},
{
"roman": "gulgašt",
"word": "гулгашт"
},
{
"roman": "guldon",
"word": "гулдон"
},
{
"roman": "gulzor",
"word": "гулзор"
},
{
"roman": "guliston",
"word": "гулистон"
},
{
"roman": "gulkori",
"word": "гулкорӣ"
},
{
"roman": "gulob",
"word": "гулоб"
},
{
"roman": "gulobi",
"word": "гулобӣ"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "inh",
"3": "fa-cls>گُل>rose",
"id": "flower",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Iranian *wardah\nOld Persian *vr̥dah\nMiddle Persian gwl\nClassical Persian گُل (gul)\nTajik гул (gul)",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "گُل",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian گُل (gul)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "گُل"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Classical Persian گُل (gul)",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Iranian *wardah\nOld Persian *vr̥dah\nMiddle Persian gwl\nClassical Persian گُل (gul)\nTajik гул (gul)\nInherited from Classical Persian گُل (gul).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gul",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "spelling گل",
"tags": [
"Persian"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tg",
"2": "noun",
"3": "Persian spelling",
"4": "گل",
"5": "",
"6": "<small>[Term?]</small>",
"f1nolink": "1",
"f2nolink": "1\n-->",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "гул • (gul) (Persian spelling گل)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"fa": "گل"
},
"expansion": "гул • (gul) (Persian spelling گل)",
"name": "tg-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Tajik",
"lang_code": "tg",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Requests for translations of Tajik quotations",
"Tajik terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
40,
43
]
],
"ref": "940-1020, фирдавсӣ [firdavsi], шаҳнома [šahnoma]:",
"roman": "firdavsi",
"text": "зани шер аз он номаи шаҳрёр\n чу рахшандагул шуд ба вақти баҳор",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
23,
26
]
],
"ref": "1325-1389, ҳофиз [hofiz], девони ҳофиз [devon-i hofiz]:",
"roman": "hofiz",
"text": "субҳдам мурғи чаман бо гули навхоста гуфт\n ноз кам кун ки дар ин боғ басе чун ту шукуфт",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"flower, blossom"
],
"links": [
[
"flower",
"flower"
],
[
"blossom",
"blossom"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Tajik literary terms",
"Tajik terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"rose"
],
"links": [
[
"rose",
"rose"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, literary) rose"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡul/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɡul]"
}
],
"word": "гул"
}
Download raw JSONL data for гул meaning in All languages combined (8.6kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"гул"
],
"section": "Tajik",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "гул",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 6"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (92124b4 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.