See акша on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "myv",
"2": "ашо"
},
"expansion": "Erzya ашо (ašo)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "ahka, hahkea, haahkea"
},
"expansion": "Finnish ahka, hahkea, haahkea",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "ahka",
"3": "",
"4": "eider"
},
"expansion": "Estonian ahka (“eider”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "ошо, ошы"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Mari ошо, ошы (ošo, ošy)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kca-sou",
"2": "аш",
"3": "",
"4": "white clay, chalk"
},
"expansion": "Southern Khanty аш (aš, “white clay, chalk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*ačka",
"4": "",
"5": "white"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *ačka (“white”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "ак",
"3": "",
"4": "white"
},
"expansion": "Tatar ак (aq, “white”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Erzya ашо (ašo); SKES 45a tentatively suggests a possible link with Finnish ahka, hahkea, haahkea [sic haahka], Estonian ahka (“eider”) [sic hahk], ahk (“gray”), Eastern Mari ошо, ошы (ošo, ošy), Southern Khanty аш (aš, “white clay, chalk”); UEW 3 suggests Proto-Uralic *ačka (“white”); Veršinin considers linking with Tatar ак (aq, “white”) impossible.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akša",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "акша • (akša)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "92 8",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "mdf",
"name": "Colors",
"orig": "mdf:Colors",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"white"
],
"id": "en-акша-mdf-adj-AY-pakRx",
"links": [
[
"white",
"white"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑkʃɑ/"
}
],
"word": "акша"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "trk"
},
"expansion": "Turkic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "аҡса",
"3": "",
"4": "money"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps from a Turkic language, compare Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akša",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "акша",
"roman": "akša",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшет",
"roman": "akšet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшень",
"roman": "akšeń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшенди",
"roman": "akšendi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеда",
"roman": "akšeda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеса",
"roman": "akšesa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеста",
"roman": "akšesta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшес",
"roman": "akšes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшева",
"roman": "akševa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prolative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prolative"
]
},
{
"form": "акшешка",
"roman": "akšeška",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшекс",
"roman": "akšeks",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "акшфтома",
"roman": "akšftoma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшенкса",
"roman": "akšenksa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"causative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"causative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "акшесь",
"roman": "akšeś",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшетне",
"roman": "akšetne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеть",
"roman": "akšeť",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшетнень",
"roman": "akšetneń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшети",
"roman": "akšeti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшетненди",
"roman": "akšetnendi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "акша • (akša)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Moksha entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Moksha shifting vowel-stem nominals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 42 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 42 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "seľmakša",
"word": "сельмакша"
},
{
"roman": "akša prä",
"word": "акша пря"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "V. I. Ščankina (2011) Russko-mokšansko-erzjanskij slovarʹ [Russian-Moksha-Erzya Dictionary], Saransk, →ISBN\nрубль — акша, цалковай, рубль\nrubľ — akša , calkovaj, rubľ\nruble [in Russian] — ruble, ruble, ruble",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ruble (the currency of Russian Federation)"
],
"id": "en-акша-mdf-noun-884PUW~m",
"links": [
[
"ruble",
"ruble"
],
[
"Russian Federation",
"Russian Federation#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "ule",
"word": "уле"
},
{
"roman": "ravža",
"word": "равжа"
},
{
"roman": "jaksteŕ",
"word": "якстерь"
},
{
"roman": "oranževaj",
"word": "оранжевай"
},
{
"roman": "koričnevaj",
"word": "коричневай"
},
{
"roman": "ťužä",
"word": "тюжя"
},
{
"roman": "piže",
"word": "валда-сянгяря пиже"
},
{
"roman": "sängärä",
"word": "сянгяря"
},
{
"roman": "valda-senem",
"word": "валда-сенем"
},
{
"roman": "senem",
"word": "сенем"
},
{
"roman": "fioletovaj",
"word": "фиолетовай"
}
]
}
],
"word": "акша"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "аҡса",
"3": "",
"4": "money"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "ақша",
"3": "",
"4": "money"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh ақша (aqşa, “money”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "akçe",
"3": "",
"4": "coin"
},
"expansion": "Turkish akçe (“coin”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”), Kazakh ақша (aqşa, “money”), Turkish akçe (“coin”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akşa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "акшаны",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "акшалар",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tyv",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "акшаны",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "акшалар",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "акша • (akşa) (definite accusative акшаны, plural акшалар)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ны",
"2": "лар"
},
"expansion": "акша • (akşa) (definite accusative акшаны, plural акшалар)",
"name": "tyv-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 42 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tuvan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"money"
],
"id": "en-акша-tyv-noun-jSrItY6t",
"links": [
[
"money",
"money"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 42 29 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tuvan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ruble (national currency of Russia)"
],
"id": "en-акша-tyv-noun-L8lXENzC",
"links": [
[
"ruble",
"ruble"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) ruble (national currency of Russia)"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɐ̰k̠.ʃɐ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɐ̰ʃ.k̠ɐ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɐ̰ʃ.x̠ɐ/",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"word": "акша"
}
{
"categories": [
"Moksha adjectives",
"Moksha entries with incorrect language header",
"Moksha lemmas",
"Moksha nouns",
"Moksha shifting vowel-stem nominals",
"Moksha terms borrowed from Turkic languages",
"Moksha terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Moksha terms derived from Turkic languages",
"Moksha terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"mdf:Colors"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "myv",
"2": "ашо"
},
"expansion": "Erzya ашо (ašo)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "ahka, hahkea, haahkea"
},
"expansion": "Finnish ahka, hahkea, haahkea",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "ahka",
"3": "",
"4": "eider"
},
"expansion": "Estonian ahka (“eider”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "ошо, ошы"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Mari ошо, ошы (ošo, ošy)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kca-sou",
"2": "аш",
"3": "",
"4": "white clay, chalk"
},
"expansion": "Southern Khanty аш (aš, “white clay, chalk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*ačka",
"4": "",
"5": "white"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *ačka (“white”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "ак",
"3": "",
"4": "white"
},
"expansion": "Tatar ак (aq, “white”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Erzya ашо (ašo); SKES 45a tentatively suggests a possible link with Finnish ahka, hahkea, haahkea [sic haahka], Estonian ahka (“eider”) [sic hahk], ahk (“gray”), Eastern Mari ошо, ошы (ošo, ošy), Southern Khanty аш (aš, “white clay, chalk”); UEW 3 suggests Proto-Uralic *ačka (“white”); Veršinin considers linking with Tatar ак (aq, “white”) impossible.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akša",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "акша • (akša)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"white"
],
"links": [
[
"white",
"white"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑkʃɑ/"
}
],
"word": "акша"
}
{
"categories": [
"Moksha entries with incorrect language header",
"Moksha lemmas",
"Moksha nouns",
"Moksha shifting vowel-stem nominals",
"Moksha terms borrowed from Turkic languages",
"Moksha terms derived from Turkic languages",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"mdf:Colors"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "seľmakša",
"word": "сельмакша"
},
{
"roman": "akša prä",
"word": "акша пря"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "trk"
},
"expansion": "Turkic",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "аҡса",
"3": "",
"4": "money"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps from a Turkic language, compare Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akša",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "акша",
"roman": "akša",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшет",
"roman": "akšet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшень",
"roman": "akšeń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшенди",
"roman": "akšendi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеда",
"roman": "akšeda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеса",
"roman": "akšesa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеста",
"roman": "akšesta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшес",
"roman": "akšes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшева",
"roman": "akševa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prolative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prolative"
]
},
{
"form": "акшешка",
"roman": "akšeška",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшекс",
"roman": "akšeks",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "акшфтома",
"roman": "akšftoma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшенкса",
"roman": "akšenksa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"causative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"causative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "акшесь",
"roman": "akšeś",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшетне",
"roman": "akšetne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшеть",
"roman": "akšeť",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшетнень",
"roman": "akšetneń",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "акшети",
"roman": "akšeti",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "акшетненди",
"roman": "akšetnendi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "акша • (akša)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Moksha",
"lang_code": "mdf",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "ule",
"word": "уле"
},
{
"roman": "ravža",
"word": "равжа"
},
{
"roman": "jaksteŕ",
"word": "якстерь"
},
{
"roman": "oranževaj",
"word": "оранжевай"
},
{
"roman": "koričnevaj",
"word": "коричневай"
},
{
"roman": "ťužä",
"word": "тюжя"
},
{
"roman": "piže",
"word": "валда-сянгяря пиже"
},
{
"roman": "sängärä",
"word": "сянгяря"
},
{
"roman": "valda-senem",
"word": "валда-сенем"
},
{
"roman": "senem",
"word": "сенем"
},
{
"roman": "fioletovaj",
"word": "фиолетовай"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Moksha terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "V. I. Ščankina (2011) Russko-mokšansko-erzjanskij slovarʹ [Russian-Moksha-Erzya Dictionary], Saransk, →ISBN\nрубль — акша, цалковай, рубль\nrubľ — akša , calkovaj, rubľ\nruble [in Russian] — ruble, ruble, ruble",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ruble (the currency of Russian Federation)"
],
"links": [
[
"ruble",
"ruble"
],
[
"Russian Federation",
"Russian Federation#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "акша"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Tuvan entries with incorrect language header",
"Tuvan lemmas",
"Tuvan nouns"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "аҡса",
"3": "",
"4": "money"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "ақша",
"3": "",
"4": "money"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh ақша (aqşa, “money”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "akçe",
"3": "",
"4": "coin"
},
"expansion": "Turkish akçe (“coin”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Bashkir аҡса (aqsa, “money”), Kazakh ақша (aqşa, “money”), Turkish akçe (“coin”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "akşa",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "акшаны",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "акшалар",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tyv",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "акшаны",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "акшалар",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "акша • (akşa) (definite accusative акшаны, plural акшалар)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ны",
"2": "лар"
},
"expansion": "акша • (akşa) (definite accusative акшаны, plural акшалар)",
"name": "tyv-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"money"
],
"links": [
[
"money",
"money"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"ruble (national currency of Russia)"
],
"links": [
[
"ruble",
"ruble"
],
[
"Russia",
"Russia"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) ruble (national currency of Russia)"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɐ̰k̠.ʃɐ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɐ̰ʃ.k̠ɐ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɐ̰ʃ.x̠ɐ/",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
]
}
],
"word": "акша"
}
Download raw JSONL data for акша meaning in All languages combined (8.7kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"акша"
],
"section": "Moksha",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "акша",
"trace": "started on line 158, detected on line 158"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"акша"
],
"section": "Moksha",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "акша",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-02 using wiktextract (a681f8a and 3c020d2). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.