"狩る" meaning in Japonais

See 狩る in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: \ka˨.ɾɯ˦.◌˦\
Forms: かる [hiragana], karu [transcription], カル, 狩る, 狩ら, 狩り, 狩る, 狩る, 狩れ, 狩れ, 狩って, 狩ります, 狩りません, 狩る [neuter], 狩らない [neuter], 狩りました [past], 狩りませんでした [past], 狩った [past, neuter], 狩らなかった [past, neuter], 狩ると, 狩ったら, 狩れば, 狩るなら, 狩れ [imperative], 狩るな [imperative], 狩りなさい [imperative], 狩りなさるな [imperative], 狩ってください [imperative], 狩らないでください [imperative], 狩りながら [gerund], 狩っている, 狩ったり, 狩って [neuter], 狩りましょう, 狩ろう [neuter], 狩りたい, 狩られる, 狩らせる, 狩れる
  1. Chasser.
    Sense id: fr-狩る-ja-verb-sSPQ7hbE
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Download JSONL data for 狩る meaning in Japonais (7.9kB)

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Verbes en japonais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Verbes godan en japonais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Verbes transitifs en japonais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    },
    {
      "kind": "other",
      "name": "Japonais",
      "orig": "japonais",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w"
    }
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "かる",
      "tags": [
        "hiragana"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "karu",
      "tags": [
        "transcription"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "カル",
      "ipas": [
        "\\ka˨.ɾɯ˦.◌˦\\"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Prononciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "L'inaccompli"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ら",
      "hiragana": "から",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Imperfectif (未然形, mizen-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩り",
      "hiragana": "かり",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Continuatif (連用形, ren'yō-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kari",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Conclusif (終止形, shūshi-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Attributif (連体形, rentai-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れ",
      "hiragana": "かれ",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Hypothétique (仮定形, katei-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kare",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れ",
      "hiragana": "かれ",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Impératif (命令形, meirei-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kare",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩って",
      "hiragana": "かって",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "La Forme en -te"
      ],
      "roman": "katte",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ります",
      "hiragana": "かります",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "poli",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimasu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りません",
      "hiragana": "かりません",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "poli",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimasen",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らない",
      "hiragana": "からない",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karanai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りました",
      "hiragana": "かりました",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "poli",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimashita",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りませんでした",
      "hiragana": "かりませんでした",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "poli",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimasen deshita",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩った",
      "hiragana": "かった",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "katta",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らなかった",
      "hiragana": "からなかった",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karanakatta",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ると",
      "hiragana": "かると",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en to"
      ],
      "roman": "karu to",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ったら",
      "hiragana": "かったら",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en -tara"
      ],
      "roman": "kattara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れば",
      "hiragana": "かれば",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en -(e)ba"
      ],
      "roman": "kareba",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩るなら",
      "hiragana": "かるなら",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en nara"
      ],
      "roman": "karu nara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れ",
      "hiragana": "かれ",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -e (neutre)",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "kare",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩るな",
      "hiragana": "かるな",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -e (neutre)",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karu na",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りなさい",
      "hiragana": "かりなさい",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -nasai (poli affirmatif)"
      ],
      "roman": "karinasai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りなさるな",
      "hiragana": "かりなさるな",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -nasaruna (poli négatif)"
      ],
      "roman": "karinasaruna",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ってください",
      "hiragana": "かってください",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -te kudasai",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "katte kudasai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らないでください",
      "hiragana": "からないでください",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -te kudasai",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karanaide kudasai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りながら",
      "hiragana": "かりながら",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions"
      ],
      "roman": "karinagara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "gerund"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩っている",
      "hiragana": "かっている",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Progressif\nen -te + いる ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "katte iru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ったり",
      "hiragana": "かったり",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Suspensif",
        "poli"
      ],
      "roman": "kattari",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩って",
      "hiragana": "かって",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Suspensif"
      ],
      "roman": "katte",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りましょう",
      "hiragana": "かりましょう",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conjectural/Volitif",
        "poli"
      ],
      "roman": "karimashō",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ろう",
      "hiragana": "かろう",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conjectural/Volitif"
      ],
      "roman": "karō",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りたい",
      "hiragana": "かりたい",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Désidératif adjectif variable (flexions)"
      ],
      "roman": "karitai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩られる",
      "hiragana": "かられる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Passif ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "karareru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らせる",
      "hiragana": "からせる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Factitif/Causatif ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "karaseru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れる",
      "hiragana": "かれる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Potentiel ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "kareru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japonais",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "pos_title": "Verbe",
  "raw_tags": [
    "godan"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "roman": "Sore wa karareru ga, korosareru koto wa nai. Sono uchi ni himeru maryoku ga, hoka no monotachi wo hikiyoseru no de aru.",
          "text": "それは狩られるが、殺されることはない。その内に秘める魔力が、他の者たちを引き寄せるのである。",
          "translation": "."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Chasser."
      ],
      "id": "fr-狩る-ja-verb-sSPQ7hbE"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\ka˨.ɾɯ˦.◌˦\\"
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "transitive"
  ],
  "word": "狩る"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Verbes en japonais",
    "Verbes godan en japonais",
    "Verbes transitifs en japonais",
    "japonais"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "かる",
      "tags": [
        "hiragana"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "karu",
      "tags": [
        "transcription"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "カル",
      "ipas": [
        "\\ka˨.ɾɯ˦.◌˦\\"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "Prononciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "L'inaccompli"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ら",
      "hiragana": "から",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Imperfectif (未然形, mizen-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩り",
      "hiragana": "かり",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Continuatif (連用形, ren'yō-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kari",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Conclusif (終止形, shūshi-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Attributif (連体形, rentai-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れ",
      "hiragana": "かれ",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Hypothétique (仮定形, katei-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kare",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れ",
      "hiragana": "かれ",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "Impératif (命令形, meirei-kei)"
      ],
      "roman": "kare",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩って",
      "hiragana": "かって",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Formes de base",
        "La Forme en -te"
      ],
      "roman": "katte",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ります",
      "hiragana": "かります",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "poli",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimasu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りません",
      "hiragana": "かりません",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "poli",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimasen",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩る",
      "hiragana": "かる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karu",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らない",
      "hiragana": "からない",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Présent / Futur",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karanai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りました",
      "hiragana": "かりました",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "poli",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimashita",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りませんでした",
      "hiragana": "かりませんでした",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "poli",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karimasen deshita",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩った",
      "hiragana": "かった",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "katta",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らなかった",
      "hiragana": "からなかった",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karanakatta",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ると",
      "hiragana": "かると",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en to"
      ],
      "roman": "karu to",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ったら",
      "hiragana": "かったら",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en -tara"
      ],
      "roman": "kattara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れば",
      "hiragana": "かれば",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en -(e)ba"
      ],
      "roman": "kareba",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩るなら",
      "hiragana": "かるなら",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conditionnel / Subjonctif",
        "en nara"
      ],
      "roman": "karu nara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れ",
      "hiragana": "かれ",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -e (neutre)",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "kare",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩るな",
      "hiragana": "かるな",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -e (neutre)",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karu na",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りなさい",
      "hiragana": "かりなさい",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -nasai (poli affirmatif)"
      ],
      "roman": "karinasai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りなさるな",
      "hiragana": "かりなさるな",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -nasaruna (poli négatif)"
      ],
      "roman": "karinasaruna",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ってください",
      "hiragana": "かってください",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -te kudasai",
        "affirmatif"
      ],
      "roman": "katte kudasai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らないでください",
      "hiragana": "からないでください",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "en -te kudasai",
        "négatif"
      ],
      "roman": "karanaide kudasai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "imperative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りながら",
      "hiragana": "かりながら",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions"
      ],
      "roman": "karinagara",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "gerund"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩っている",
      "hiragana": "かっている",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Progressif\nen -te + いる ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "katte iru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ったり",
      "hiragana": "かったり",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Suspensif",
        "poli"
      ],
      "roman": "kattari",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩って",
      "hiragana": "かって",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Suspensif"
      ],
      "roman": "katte",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りましょう",
      "hiragana": "かりましょう",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conjectural/Volitif",
        "poli"
      ],
      "roman": "karimashō",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩ろう",
      "hiragana": "かろう",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Conjectural/Volitif"
      ],
      "roman": "karō",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "狩りたい",
      "hiragana": "かりたい",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Désidératif adjectif variable (flexions)"
      ],
      "roman": "karitai",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩られる",
      "hiragana": "かられる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Passif ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "karareru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩らせる",
      "hiragana": "からせる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Factitif/Causatif ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "karaseru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    },
    {
      "form": "狩れる",
      "hiragana": "かれる",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Clefs de constructions",
        "Potentiel ichidan (conjugaison)"
      ],
      "roman": "kareru",
      "source": "Conjugaison:japonais/狩る"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Japonais",
  "lang_code": "ja",
  "pos": "verb",
  "pos_title": "Verbe",
  "raw_tags": [
    "godan"
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "roman": "Sore wa karareru ga, korosareru koto wa nai. Sono uchi ni himeru maryoku ga, hoka no monotachi wo hikiyoseru no de aru.",
          "text": "それは狩られるが、殺されることはない。その内に秘める魔力が、他の者たちを引き寄せるのである。",
          "translation": "."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Chasser."
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "\\ka˨.ɾɯ˦.◌˦\\"
    }
  ],
  "tags": [
    "transitive"
  ],
  "word": "狩る"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japonais dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-04 from the frwiktionary dump dated 2024-07-01 using wiktextract (c690d5d and b5d1315). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.