thou (English verb) thou/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English heteronyms", "English lemmas", "English personal pronouns", "English second person pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adverbs", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 4 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Danish translations", "Requests for review of Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "en:Quakerism", "en:Thousand"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "thouen"}, "expansion": "Middle English thouen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "pronoun"}, "expansion": "pronoun", "name": "glossary"}], "etymology_text": "From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.", "forms": [{"form": "thous", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "thouing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "related": [{"word": "tutoy"}, {"word": "tutoyer"}], "senses": [{"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "Don’t thou them as thous thee! – a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "c. 1530, “Hickscorner”, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. […], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, […], published 1874, page 180:", "text": "Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "c. 1601–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 266:", "text": "[T]aunt him with the licenſe of Inke: if thou thou'ſt him some thrice, it ſhall not be amiſſe, and as many Lyes, as will lye in thy ſheete of paper, although the ſheete were bigge enough for the bedde of Ware in England, ſet 'em downe, go about it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1603 November 27, “The Tryal of Sir Walter Raleigh Kt. at Winton, on Thursday the 17th of November, Anno. Dom. 1603. in the First Year of King James the First”, in [Thomas Salmon], editor, A Compleat Collection of State-Tryals, and Proceedings upon Impeachment for High Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; […] In Four Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, […]; John Walthoe […]; Benj[amin] Tooke […]; John Darby […]; Jacob Tonson […]; and John Walthoe Jun. […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 177, column 2:", "text": "Attorney. [Edward Coke, Attorney General for England and Wales] All that he [Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham] did was by thy Inſtigation, thou viper; for I thou thee, thou Traitor. / Raleigh. [Walter Raleigh] It becometh not a Man of Quality and Virtue, to call me ſo: But I take comfort in it, it is all you can do.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1677, William Gibson, “An Answer to John Cheyney’s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism”, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 134:", "text": "What! doſt thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is ſound Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one ſingle Perſon was the language of Chriſt Jeſus, and the Holy Prophets and Apoſtles both under the Diſpenſations of Law and Goſpel, [...]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; François-Marie Arouet]], “Ferdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.”, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 257:", "text": "The emperors before Rodolphus I. ſent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which diſallows ſuch expreſſions.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, “Of Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History”, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], →OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57–58:", "text": "Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \"thouing\" us, were they to be made queens for it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1888, Rudyard Kipling, “On the City Wall”, in In Black and White (A. H. Wheeler & Co.’s Indian Railway Library; no. 3), 5th edition, Allahabad: Messrs. A. H. Wheeler & Co.; London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, Ld., […], published 1890, →OCLC, page 91:", "text": "\"One service more, Sahib, since thou hast come so opportunely,\" said Lalun. \"Wilt thou\"–it is very nice to be thou-ed by Lalun–\"take this old man across the City—the troops are everywhere, and they might hurt him for he is old—to the Kumharsen Gate?[\"]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, “Inferiors to Superiors”, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: […], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22:", "text": "In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "links": [["address", "address#Verb"], ["pronoun", "pronoun"], ["thou", "#Pronoun"], ["expression", "expression"], ["contempt", "contempt"], ["familiarity", "familiarity"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, →ISBN:", "text": "The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English—yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], “Seeing God in the Ordinary”, in The Hitch Hikers’ Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 39:", "text": "You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \"theeing\" and \"thouing\" all over the place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To use the word thou."], "links": [["use", "use#Verb"], ["word", "word#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(intransitive) To use the word thou."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["intransitive"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "thou", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ðaʊ/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "translations": [{"code": "ast", "lang": "Asturian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutiar"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "týkacʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ты́каць"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "govorja na ti", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "говоря на ти"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sige du"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jijen"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jouen"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinatama"}, {"code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "túa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinutella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "duzen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "note": "μιλώ στον ενικό (miló ston enikó, literally “speak in the singular”)", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tegez"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "þúa"}, {"code": "ia", "lang": "Interlingua", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dare del tu"}, {"alt": "よびすてにする", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "yobisute ni suru", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "呼び捨てにする"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "neo-rago bureuda", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "너라고 부르다"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tujinti"}, {"code": "ms", "lang": "Malay", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "berengkau"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "si 'du'"}, {"code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "mówić na ty"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tratar por tu"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "a tutui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týkatʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "ты́кать"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týknutʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "ты́кнуть"}, {"alt": "obraščátʹsja na «ty»", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "обраща́ться на «ты»"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic", "imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic"], "word": "говорити ти"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman", "imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman"], "word": "govoriti ti"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykať"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykaś"}, {"code": "hsb", "lang": "Upper Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dua"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sen"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "týkaty", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "þúa"}], "word": "thou"}
thou (English verb) thou/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English heteronyms", "English lemmas", "English personal pronouns", "English second person pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adverbs", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 4 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Danish translations", "Requests for review of Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "en:Quakerism", "en:Thousand"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "thouen"}, "expansion": "Middle English thouen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "pronoun"}, "expansion": "pronoun", "name": "glossary"}], "etymology_text": "From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.", "forms": [{"form": "thous", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "thouing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "related": [{"word": "tutoy"}, {"word": "tutoyer"}], "senses": [{"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "Don’t thou them as thous thee! – a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "c. 1530, “Hickscorner”, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. […], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, […], published 1874, page 180:", "text": "Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "c. 1601–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 266:", "text": "[T]aunt him with the licenſe of Inke: if thou thou'ſt him some thrice, it ſhall not be amiſſe, and as many Lyes, as will lye in thy ſheete of paper, although the ſheete were bigge enough for the bedde of Ware in England, ſet 'em downe, go about it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1603 November 27, “The Tryal of Sir Walter Raleigh Kt. at Winton, on Thursday the 17th of November, Anno. Dom. 1603. in the First Year of King James the First”, in [Thomas Salmon], editor, A Compleat Collection of State-Tryals, and Proceedings upon Impeachment for High Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; […] In Four Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, […]; John Walthoe […]; Benj[amin] Tooke […]; John Darby […]; Jacob Tonson […]; and John Walthoe Jun. […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 177, column 2:", "text": "Attorney. [Edward Coke, Attorney General for England and Wales] All that he [Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham] did was by thy Inſtigation, thou viper; for I thou thee, thou Traitor. / Raleigh. [Walter Raleigh] It becometh not a Man of Quality and Virtue, to call me ſo: But I take comfort in it, it is all you can do.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1677, William Gibson, “An Answer to John Cheyney’s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism”, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 134:", "text": "What! doſt thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is ſound Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one ſingle Perſon was the language of Chriſt Jeſus, and the Holy Prophets and Apoſtles both under the Diſpenſations of Law and Goſpel, [...]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; François-Marie Arouet]], “Ferdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.”, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 257:", "text": "The emperors before Rodolphus I. ſent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which diſallows ſuch expreſſions.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, “Of Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History”, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], →OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57–58:", "text": "Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \"thouing\" us, were they to be made queens for it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1888, Rudyard Kipling, “On the City Wall”, in In Black and White (A. H. Wheeler & Co.’s Indian Railway Library; no. 3), 5th edition, Allahabad: Messrs. A. H. Wheeler & Co.; London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, Ld., […], published 1890, →OCLC, page 91:", "text": "\"One service more, Sahib, since thou hast come so opportunely,\" said Lalun. \"Wilt thou\"–it is very nice to be thou-ed by Lalun–\"take this old man across the City—the troops are everywhere, and they might hurt him for he is old—to the Kumharsen Gate?[\"]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, “Inferiors to Superiors”, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: […], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22:", "text": "In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "links": [["address", "address#Verb"], ["pronoun", "pronoun"], ["thou", "#Pronoun"], ["expression", "expression"], ["contempt", "contempt"], ["familiarity", "familiarity"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, →ISBN:", "text": "The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English—yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], “Seeing God in the Ordinary”, in The Hitch Hikers’ Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 39:", "text": "You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \"theeing\" and \"thouing\" all over the place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To use the word thou."], "links": [["use", "use#Verb"], ["word", "word#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(intransitive) To use the word thou."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["intransitive"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "thou", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ðaʊ/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "translations": [{"code": "ast", "lang": "Asturian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutiar"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "týkacʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ты́каць"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "govorja na ti", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "говоря на ти"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sige du"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jijen"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jouen"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinatama"}, {"code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "túa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinutella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "duzen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "note": "μιλώ στον ενικό (miló ston enikó, literally “speak in the singular”)", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tegez"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "þúa"}, {"code": "ia", "lang": "Interlingua", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dare del tu"}, {"alt": "よびすてにする", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "yobisute ni suru", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "呼び捨てにする"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "neo-rago bureuda", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "너라고 부르다"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tujinti"}, {"code": "ms", "lang": "Malay", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "berengkau"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "si 'du'"}, {"code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "mówić na ty"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tratar por tu"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "a tutui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týkatʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "ты́кать"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týknutʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "ты́кнуть"}, {"alt": "obraščátʹsja na «ty»", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "обраща́ться на «ты»"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic", "imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic"], "word": "говорити ти"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman", "imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman"], "word": "govoriti ti"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykať"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykaś"}, {"code": "hsb", "lang": "Upper Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dua"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sen"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "týkaty", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "þúa"}], "word": "thou"}
thou (English verb) thou/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English heteronyms", "English lemmas", "English personal pronouns", "English second person pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adverbs", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 4 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Danish translations", "Requests for review of Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "en:Quakerism", "en:Thousand"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "thouen"}, "expansion": "Middle English thouen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "pronoun"}, "expansion": "pronoun", "name": "glossary"}], "etymology_text": "From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.", "forms": [{"form": "thous", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "thouing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "related": [{"word": "tutoy"}, {"word": "tutoyer"}], "senses": [{"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "Don’t thou them as thous thee! – a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "c. 1530, “Hickscorner”, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. […], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, […], published 1874, page 180:", "text": "Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "c. 1601–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 266:", "text": "[T]aunt him with the licenſe of Inke: if thou thou'ſt him some thrice, it ſhall not be amiſſe, and as many Lyes, as will lye in thy ſheete of paper, although the ſheete were bigge enough for the bedde of Ware in England, ſet 'em downe, go about it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1603 November 27, “The Tryal of Sir Walter Raleigh Kt. at Winton, on Thursday the 17th of November, Anno. Dom. 1603. in the First Year of King James the First”, in [Thomas Salmon], editor, A Compleat Collection of State-Tryals, and Proceedings upon Impeachment for High Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; […] In Four Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, […]; John Walthoe […]; Benj[amin] Tooke […]; John Darby […]; Jacob Tonson […]; and John Walthoe Jun. […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 177, column 2:", "text": "Attorney. [Edward Coke, Attorney General for England and Wales] All that he [Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham] did was by thy Inſtigation, thou viper; for I thou thee, thou Traitor. / Raleigh. [Walter Raleigh] It becometh not a Man of Quality and Virtue, to call me ſo: But I take comfort in it, it is all you can do.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1677, William Gibson, “An Answer to John Cheyney’s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism”, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 134:", "text": "What! doſt thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is ſound Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one ſingle Perſon was the language of Chriſt Jeſus, and the Holy Prophets and Apoſtles both under the Diſpenſations of Law and Goſpel, [...]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; François-Marie Arouet]], “Ferdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.”, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 257:", "text": "The emperors before Rodolphus I. ſent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which diſallows ſuch expreſſions.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, “Of Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History”, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], →OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57–58:", "text": "Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \"thouing\" us, were they to be made queens for it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1888, Rudyard Kipling, “On the City Wall”, in In Black and White (A. H. Wheeler & Co.’s Indian Railway Library; no. 3), 5th edition, Allahabad: Messrs. A. H. Wheeler & Co.; London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, Ld., […], published 1890, →OCLC, page 91:", "text": "\"One service more, Sahib, since thou hast come so opportunely,\" said Lalun. \"Wilt thou\"–it is very nice to be thou-ed by Lalun–\"take this old man across the City—the troops are everywhere, and they might hurt him for he is old—to the Kumharsen Gate?[\"]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, “Inferiors to Superiors”, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: […], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22:", "text": "In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "links": [["address", "address#Verb"], ["pronoun", "pronoun"], ["thou", "#Pronoun"], ["expression", "expression"], ["contempt", "contempt"], ["familiarity", "familiarity"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, →ISBN:", "text": "The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English—yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], “Seeing God in the Ordinary”, in The Hitch Hikers’ Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 39:", "text": "You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \"theeing\" and \"thouing\" all over the place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To use the word thou."], "links": [["use", "use#Verb"], ["word", "word#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(intransitive) To use the word thou."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["intransitive"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "thou", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ðaʊ/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "translations": [{"code": "ast", "lang": "Asturian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutiar"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "týkacʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ты́каць"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "govorja na ti", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "говоря на ти"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sige du"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jijen"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jouen"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinatama"}, {"code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "túa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinutella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "duzen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "note": "μιλώ στον ενικό (miló ston enikó, literally “speak in the singular”)", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tegez"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "þúa"}, {"code": "ia", "lang": "Interlingua", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dare del tu"}, {"alt": "よびすてにする", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "yobisute ni suru", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "呼び捨てにする"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "neo-rago bureuda", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "너라고 부르다"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tujinti"}, {"code": "ms", "lang": "Malay", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "berengkau"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "si 'du'"}, {"code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "mówić na ty"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tratar por tu"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "a tutui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týkatʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "ты́кать"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týknutʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "ты́кнуть"}, {"alt": "obraščátʹsja na «ty»", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "обраща́ться на «ты»"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic", "imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic"], "word": "говорити ти"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman", "imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman"], "word": "govoriti ti"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykať"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykaś"}, {"code": "hsb", "lang": "Upper Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dua"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sen"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "týkaty", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "þúa"}], "word": "thou"}
thou (English verb) thou/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adverbs", "English conjunctions", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English heteronyms", "English lemmas", "English personal pronouns", "English second person pronouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English uncomparable adverbs", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 4 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Danish translations", "Requests for review of Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Rhymes:English/aʊ", "Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Faroese translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Interlingua translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Upper Sorbian translations", "en:Quakerism", "en:Thousand"], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "thouen"}, "expansion": "Middle English thouen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "pronoun"}, "expansion": "pronoun", "name": "glossary"}], "etymology_text": "From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.", "forms": [{"form": "thous", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "thouing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "thoued", "tags": ["past"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "related": [{"word": "tutoy"}, {"word": "tutoyer"}], "senses": [{"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "Don’t thou them as thous thee! – a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "c. 1530, “Hickscorner”, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. […], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, […], published 1874, page 180:", "text": "Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "c. 1601–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 266:", "text": "[T]aunt him with the licenſe of Inke: if thou thou'ſt him some thrice, it ſhall not be amiſſe, and as many Lyes, as will lye in thy ſheete of paper, although the ſheete were bigge enough for the bedde of Ware in England, ſet 'em downe, go about it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1603 November 27, “The Tryal of Sir Walter Raleigh Kt. at Winton, on Thursday the 17th of November, Anno. Dom. 1603. in the First Year of King James the First”, in [Thomas Salmon], editor, A Compleat Collection of State-Tryals, and Proceedings upon Impeachment for High Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; […] In Four Volumes, volume I, London: Printed for Timothy Goodwin, […]; John Walthoe […]; Benj[amin] Tooke […]; John Darby […]; Jacob Tonson […]; and John Walthoe Jun. […], published 1719, →OCLC, page 177, column 2:", "text": "Attorney. [Edward Coke, Attorney General for England and Wales] All that he [Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham] did was by thy Inſtigation, thou viper; for I thou thee, thou Traitor. / Raleigh. [Walter Raleigh] It becometh not a Man of Quality and Virtue, to call me ſo: But I take comfort in it, it is all you can do.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1677, William Gibson, “An Answer to John Cheyney’s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism”, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 134:", "text": "What! doſt thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is ſound Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one ſingle Perſon was the language of Chriſt Jeſus, and the Holy Prophets and Apoſtles both under the Diſpenſations of Law and Goſpel, [...]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; François-Marie Arouet]], “Ferdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.”, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 257:", "text": "The emperors before Rodolphus I. ſent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which diſallows ſuch expreſſions.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, “Of Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History”, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], →OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57–58:", "text": "Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \"thouing\" us, were they to be made queens for it.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1888, Rudyard Kipling, “On the City Wall”, in In Black and White (A. H. Wheeler & Co.’s Indian Railway Library; no. 3), 5th edition, Allahabad: Messrs. A. H. Wheeler & Co.; London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, Ld., […], published 1890, →OCLC, page 91:", "text": "\"One service more, Sahib, since thou hast come so opportunely,\" said Lalun. \"Wilt thou\"–it is very nice to be thou-ed by Lalun–\"take this old man across the City—the troops are everywhere, and they might hurt him for he is old—to the Kumharsen Gate?[\"]", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, “Inferiors to Superiors”, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: […], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22:", "text": "In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "links": [["address", "address#Verb"], ["pronoun", "pronoun"], ["thou", "#Pronoun"], ["expression", "expression"], ["contempt", "contempt"], ["familiarity", "familiarity"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"antonyms": [{"word": "you"}], "categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, →ISBN:", "text": "The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English—yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], “Seeing God in the Ordinary”, in The Hitch Hikers’ Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 39:", "text": "You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \"theeing\" and \"thouing\" all over the place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To use the word thou."], "links": [["use", "use#Verb"], ["word", "word#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(intransitive) To use the word thou."], "synonyms": [{"word": "thee"}], "tags": ["intransitive"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "thou", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/ðaʊ/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg"}, {"rhymes": "-aʊ"}], "translations": [{"code": "ast", "lang": "Asturian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutiar"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "týkacʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ты́каць"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "govorja na ti", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "говоря на ти"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sige du"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jijen"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "jouen"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinatama"}, {"code": "fo", "lang": "Faroese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "túa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sinutella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "duzen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "note": "μιλώ στον ενικό (miló ston enikó, literally “speak in the singular”)", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tegez"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "þúa"}, {"code": "ia", "lang": "Interlingua", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dare del tu"}, {"alt": "よびすてにする", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "yobisute ni suru", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "呼び捨てにする"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "neo-rago bureuda", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "너라고 부르다"}, {"code": "lt", "lang": "Lithuanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tujinti"}, {"code": "ms", "lang": "Malay", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "berengkau"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "si 'du'"}, {"code": "oc", "lang": "Occitan", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutejar"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "mówić na ty"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tratar por tu"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "a tutui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týkatʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["colloquial", "imperfective"], "word": "ты́кать"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "týknutʹ", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "ты́кнуть"}, {"alt": "obraščátʹsja na «ty»", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "обраща́ться на «ты»"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic", "imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Cyrillic"], "word": "говорити ти"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman", "imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["Roman"], "word": "govoriti ti"}, {"code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykať"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tíkati"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykaś"}, {"code": "hsb", "lang": "Upper Sorbian", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "tykać"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "tutear"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "dua"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "word": "sen"}, {"code": "uk", "lang": "Ukrainian", "roman": "týkaty", "sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "ти́кати"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyeren"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "tutoyer"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to use the word thou", "word": "þúa"}], "word": "thou"}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.