"gwddf" meaning in Welsh

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "black-necked, black-throated",
      "word": "gyddfddu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "yellow-necked, yellow-throated",
      "word": "gyddf-felyn"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "red-necked, red-throated",
      "word": "gyddfgoch"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*wodwos",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb (“spoils”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*wodwo-",
        "t": "cutting"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wedʰH-",
        "t": "strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "vedegà",
        "t": "a kind of axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "वध्",
        "t": "to strike, slay"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "wac",
        "t": "struggle"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A wac (“struggle”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "obt",
        "2": "guodoc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Breton guodoc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xbm",
        "2": "gouzouc"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Breton gouzouc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "gouzoug"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton gouzoug",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Welsh",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), whence also Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), from the practice of counting captives as \"so many necks\". *wudwos may be related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”) (whence Old Irish fodb in the sense of \"division\"), with semantic shift \"cutting\" > \"weapon\" > \"weapon-spoils\" > \"spoils\" (though these shifts are not straightforward). If so, then the root ultimately goes back to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), whence gwasgu (“to press”), Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), Tocharian A wac (“struggle”).\nThe variant gwddwg is cognate with Old Breton guodoc (Middle Breton gouzouc, Breton gouzoug, goûg), but it is difficult to explain the alternation between -wg, -w, and -f. The oldest form of the word cited in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru is the Middle Welsh plural form gedueu (13th century; = modern gyddfau), while the soft mutation forms wðwc, wddf, and wddw are all attested in the 14th century, indicating that the alternation is very old.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "gyddfau",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cy-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ngwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-nasal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "gyddfau"
      },
      "expansion": "gwddf m (plural gyddfau)",
      "name": "cy-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "cy-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Welsh",
  "lang_code": "cy",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cy",
          "name": "Body parts",
          "orig": "cy:Body parts",
          "parents": [
            "Body",
            "Anatomy",
            "All topics",
            "Biology",
            "Medicine",
            "Fundamental",
            "Sciences",
            "Healthcare",
            "Health"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "neck"
      ],
      "id": "en-gwddf-cy-noun-8UiW2N6d",
      "links": [
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "mwnwgl"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cy",
          "name": "Body parts",
          "orig": "cy:Body parts",
          "parents": [
            "Body",
            "Anatomy",
            "All topics",
            "Biology",
            "Medicine",
            "Fundamental",
            "Sciences",
            "Healthcare",
            "Health"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "(South Wales)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "throat"
      ],
      "id": "en-gwddf-cy-noun-SM8T9IGu",
      "links": [
        [
          "throat",
          "throat"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(North Wales) throat"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "llwnc"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʊðv"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "gwddw"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "gwddwg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "gwddf"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:Welsh/ʊðv",
    "Rhymes:Welsh/ʊðv/1 syllable",
    "Welsh countable nouns",
    "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
    "Welsh lemmas",
    "Welsh masculine nouns",
    "Welsh nouns",
    "Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
    "Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "cy:Body parts"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "black-necked, black-throated",
      "word": "gyddfddu"
    },
    {
      "english": "yellow-necked, yellow-throated",
      "word": "gyddf-felyn"
    },
    {
      "english": "red-necked, red-throated",
      "word": "gyddfgoch"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*wodwos",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb (“spoils”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*wodwo-",
        "t": "cutting"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wedʰH-",
        "t": "strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "vedegà",
        "t": "a kind of axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "वध्",
        "t": "to strike, slay"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "wac",
        "t": "struggle"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A wac (“struggle”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "obt",
        "2": "guodoc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Breton guodoc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xbm",
        "2": "gouzouc"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Breton gouzouc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "gouzoug"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton gouzoug",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Welsh",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), whence also Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), from the practice of counting captives as \"so many necks\". *wudwos may be related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”) (whence Old Irish fodb in the sense of \"division\"), with semantic shift \"cutting\" > \"weapon\" > \"weapon-spoils\" > \"spoils\" (though these shifts are not straightforward). If so, then the root ultimately goes back to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), whence gwasgu (“to press”), Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), Tocharian A wac (“struggle”).\nThe variant gwddwg is cognate with Old Breton guodoc (Middle Breton gouzouc, Breton gouzoug, goûg), but it is difficult to explain the alternation between -wg, -w, and -f. The oldest form of the word cited in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru is the Middle Welsh plural form gedueu (13th century; = modern gyddfau), while the soft mutation forms wðwc, wddf, and wddw are all attested in the 14th century, indicating that the alternation is very old.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "gyddfau",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cy-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ngwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-nasal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "gyddfau"
      },
      "expansion": "gwddf m (plural gyddfau)",
      "name": "cy-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "cy-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Welsh",
  "lang_code": "cy",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "neck"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "mwnwgl"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "(South Wales)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "throat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "throat",
          "throat"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(North Wales) throat"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "llwnc"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʊðv"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "gwddw"
    },
    {
      "word": "gwddwg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "gwddf"
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2522",
  "msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Welsh]; cleaned text: wddf, style: padding-bottom:4px;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
  "path": [
    "gwddf"
  ],
  "section": "Welsh",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "gwddf",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2522",
  "msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Welsh]; cleaned text: ngwddf, style: padding-bottom:4px;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
  "path": [
    "gwddf"
  ],
  "section": "Welsh",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "gwddf",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2530",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header based on style, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Welsh]; cleaned text: unchanged, style: padding-bottom:4px;////NodeKind.TABLE_CELL",
  "path": [
    "gwddf"
  ],
  "section": "Welsh",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "gwddf",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'unchanged'",
  "path": [
    "gwddf"
  ],
  "section": "Welsh",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "gwddf",
  "trace": ""
}