"gwddf" meaning in All languages combined

See gwddf on Wiktionary

Noun [Welsh]

IPA: /ɡʊðv/ [North-Wales, standard], /ˈɡʊðʊv/ [North-Wales, colloquial], /ˈɡʊðu/ [North-Wales, colloquial], /ɡʊðv/ [South-Wales, standard], /ˈɡuːðʊv/ [South-Wales, colloquial], /ˈɡʊðʊv/ [South-Wales, colloquial], /ˈɡuːðu/ [South-Wales, colloquial], /ˈɡʊðu/ [South-Wales, colloquial] Forms: gyddfau [plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], gwddf [mutation, mutation-radical], wddf [mutation, mutation-soft], ngwddf [mutation, mutation-nasal]
Rhymes: -ʊðv Etymology: From Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), whence also Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), from the practice of counting captives as "so many necks". *wudwos may be related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”) (whence Old Irish fodb in the sense of "division"), with semantic shift "cutting" > "weapon" > "weapon-spoils" > "spoils" (though these shifts are not straightforward). If so, then the root ultimately goes back to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), whence gwasgu (“to press”), Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), Tocharian A wac (“struggle”). The variant gwddwg is cognate with Old Breton guodoc (Middle Breton gouzouc, Breton gouzoug, goûg), but it is difficult to explain the alternation between -wg, -w, and -f. The oldest form of the word cited in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru is the Middle Welsh plural form gedueu (13th century; = modern gyddfau), while the soft mutation forms wðwc, wddf, and wddw are all attested in the 14th century, indicating that the alternation is very old. Etymology templates: {{der|cy|cel-pro|*wodwos|t=spoils}} Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), {{cog|sga|fodb|t=spoils}} Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), {{cog|cel-pro|*wodwo-|t=cutting}} Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”), {{cog|sga|fodb}} Old Irish fodb, {{der|cy|ine-pro|*wedʰH-|t=strike}} Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), {{m|cy|gwasgu|t=to press}} gwasgu (“to press”), {{cog|lt|vedegà|t=a kind of axe}} Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), {{cog|sa|वध्|t=to strike, slay}} Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), {{cog|xto|wac|t=struggle}} Tocharian A wac (“struggle”), {{m|cy|gwddwg}} gwddwg, {{cog|obt|guodoc}} Old Breton guodoc, {{cog|xbm|gouzouc}} Middle Breton gouzouc, {{cog|br|gouzoug}} Breton gouzoug, {{m|br|goûg}} goûg, {{cog|wlm|-}} Middle Welsh, {{m|wlm|gedueu}} gedueu, {{m|cy|gyddfau}} gyddfau, {{m|wlm|wðwc}} wðwc, {{m|wlm|wddf}} wddf, {{m|wlm|wddw}} wddw Head templates: {{cy-noun|m|gyddfau}} gwddf m (plural gyddfau) Inflection templates: {{cy-mut}}
  1. neck Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Body parts Synonyms: mwnwgl
    Sense id: en-gwddf-cy-noun-8UiW2N6d Disambiguation of Body parts: 50 50 Categories (other): Welsh entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Welsh entries with incorrect language header: 50 50
  2. (North Wales) throat Tags: North-Wales, masculine Categories (topical): Body parts Synonyms: llwnc
    Sense id: en-gwddf-cy-noun-SM8T9IGu Disambiguation of Body parts: 50 50 Categories (other): Welsh entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Welsh entries with incorrect language header: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: gwddw, gwddwg Derived forms: gyddfddu (english: black-necked, black-throated), gyddf-felyn (english: yellow-necked, yellow-throated), gyddfgoch (english: red-necked, red-throated)

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for gwddf meaning in All languages combined (5.8kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "black-necked, black-throated",
      "word": "gyddfddu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "yellow-necked, yellow-throated",
      "word": "gyddf-felyn"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "red-necked, red-throated",
      "word": "gyddfgoch"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*wodwos",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb (“spoils”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*wodwo-",
        "t": "cutting"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wedʰH-",
        "t": "strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "gwasgu",
        "t": "to press"
      },
      "expansion": "gwasgu (“to press”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "vedegà",
        "t": "a kind of axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "वध्",
        "t": "to strike, slay"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "wac",
        "t": "struggle"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A wac (“struggle”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "gwddwg"
      },
      "expansion": "gwddwg",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "obt",
        "2": "guodoc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Breton guodoc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xbm",
        "2": "gouzouc"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Breton gouzouc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "gouzoug"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton gouzoug",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "goûg"
      },
      "expansion": "goûg",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Welsh",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "gedueu"
      },
      "expansion": "gedueu",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "gyddfau"
      },
      "expansion": "gyddfau",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "wðwc"
      },
      "expansion": "wðwc",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "wddf"
      },
      "expansion": "wddf",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "wddw"
      },
      "expansion": "wddw",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), whence also Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), from the practice of counting captives as \"so many necks\". *wudwos may be related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”) (whence Old Irish fodb in the sense of \"division\"), with semantic shift \"cutting\" > \"weapon\" > \"weapon-spoils\" > \"spoils\" (though these shifts are not straightforward). If so, then the root ultimately goes back to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), whence gwasgu (“to press”), Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), Tocharian A wac (“struggle”).\nThe variant gwddwg is cognate with Old Breton guodoc (Middle Breton gouzouc, Breton gouzoug, goûg), but it is difficult to explain the alternation between -wg, -w, and -f. The oldest form of the word cited in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru is the Middle Welsh plural form gedueu (13th century; = modern gyddfau), while the soft mutation forms wðwc, wddf, and wddw are all attested in the 14th century, indicating that the alternation is very old.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "gyddfau",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cy-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ngwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-nasal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "gyddfau"
      },
      "expansion": "gwddf m (plural gyddfau)",
      "name": "cy-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "cy-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Welsh",
  "lang_code": "cy",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cy",
          "name": "Body parts",
          "orig": "cy:Body parts",
          "parents": [
            "Body",
            "Anatomy",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Medicine",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "neck"
      ],
      "id": "en-gwddf-cy-noun-8UiW2N6d",
      "links": [
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "mwnwgl"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "cy",
          "name": "Body parts",
          "orig": "cy:Body parts",
          "parents": [
            "Body",
            "Anatomy",
            "Human",
            "Biology",
            "Medicine",
            "All topics",
            "Sciences",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "(South Wales)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "throat"
      ],
      "id": "en-gwddf-cy-noun-SM8T9IGu",
      "links": [
        [
          "throat",
          "throat"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(North Wales) throat"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "llwnc"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʊðv"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "gwddw"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "gwddwg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "gwddf"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Rhymes:Welsh/ʊðv",
    "Rhymes:Welsh/ʊðv/1 syllable",
    "Welsh countable nouns",
    "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
    "Welsh lemmas",
    "Welsh masculine nouns",
    "Welsh nouns",
    "Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
    "Welsh terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "cy:Body parts"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "black-necked, black-throated",
      "word": "gyddfddu"
    },
    {
      "english": "yellow-necked, yellow-throated",
      "word": "gyddf-felyn"
    },
    {
      "english": "red-necked, red-throated",
      "word": "gyddfgoch"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*wodwos",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb",
        "t": "spoils"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb (“spoils”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*wodwo-",
        "t": "cutting"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "fodb"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Irish fodb",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*wedʰH-",
        "t": "strike"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "gwasgu",
        "t": "to press"
      },
      "expansion": "gwasgu (“to press”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "vedegà",
        "t": "a kind of axe"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "वध्",
        "t": "to strike, slay"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xto",
        "2": "wac",
        "t": "struggle"
      },
      "expansion": "Tocharian A wac (“struggle”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "gwddwg"
      },
      "expansion": "gwddwg",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "obt",
        "2": "guodoc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Breton guodoc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xbm",
        "2": "gouzouc"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Breton gouzouc",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "gouzoug"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton gouzoug",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "goûg"
      },
      "expansion": "goûg",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Welsh",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "gedueu"
      },
      "expansion": "gedueu",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "gyddfau"
      },
      "expansion": "gyddfau",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "wðwc"
      },
      "expansion": "wðwc",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "wddf"
      },
      "expansion": "wddf",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "wlm",
        "2": "wddw"
      },
      "expansion": "wddw",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), whence also Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), from the practice of counting captives as \"so many necks\". *wudwos may be related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”) (whence Old Irish fodb in the sense of \"division\"), with semantic shift \"cutting\" > \"weapon\" > \"weapon-spoils\" > \"spoils\" (though these shifts are not straightforward). If so, then the root ultimately goes back to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), whence gwasgu (“to press”), Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), Tocharian A wac (“struggle”).\nThe variant gwddwg is cognate with Old Breton guodoc (Middle Breton gouzouc, Breton gouzoug, goûg), but it is difficult to explain the alternation between -wg, -w, and -f. The oldest form of the word cited in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru is the Middle Welsh plural form gedueu (13th century; = modern gyddfau), while the soft mutation forms wðwc, wddf, and wddw are all attested in the 14th century, indicating that the alternation is very old.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "gyddfau",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cy-mut",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-radical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-soft"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ngwddf",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "mutation",
        "mutation-nasal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "gyddfau"
      },
      "expansion": "gwddf m (plural gyddfau)",
      "name": "cy-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "cy-mut"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Welsh",
  "lang_code": "cy",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "neck"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "neck",
          "neck"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "mwnwgl"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "(South Wales)"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "throat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "throat",
          "throat"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(North Wales) throat"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "llwnc"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "North-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɡʊðv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "standard"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðʊv/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡuːðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈɡʊðu/",
      "tags": [
        "South-Wales",
        "colloquial"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ʊðv"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "gwddw"
    },
    {
      "word": "gwddwg"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Brill Publishers"
  ],
  "word": "gwddf"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.