See -es in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "feminine"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "-issa"
},
"expansion": "Latin -issa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "English -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -es",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh -es, from Proto-Brythonic *-es, from Latin -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-esau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-esau",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-es f (plural -esau)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "athro (“male teacher”) + -es → athrawes (“female teacher”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gweinydd (“waiter”) + -es → gweinyddes (“waitress”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Norwy (“Norway”) + -es → Norwyes (“Norwegian woman”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cadno (“fox”) + -es → cadnawes (“vixen”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"female suffix"
],
"id": "en--es-cy-suffix-JXqFCxwW",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-wraig"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-as/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
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"2": "collective"
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"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-es f",
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}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "brân (“crow”) + -es → branes (“flight of crows”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "llong (“ship”) + -es → llynges (“navy, fleet”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"collective noun"
],
"id": "en--es-cy-suffix-RhBjem3o",
"tags": [
"collective",
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"noun"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-as/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ais",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 6 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite"
],
"id": "en--es-cy-suffix-~MhxilQ9",
"links": [
[
"first-person",
"first person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛʃ/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-as/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh feminine suffixes",
"Welsh inflectional suffixes",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh noun-forming suffixes",
"Welsh suffixes",
"Welsh terms derived from Latin",
"Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "feminine"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "wlm",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "la",
"3": "-issa"
},
"expansion": "Latin -issa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "English -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -es",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Welsh -es, from Proto-Brythonic *-es, from Latin -issa, whence also English -ess. Cognate with Cornish -es.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-esau",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-esau",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-es f (plural -esau)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "athro (“male teacher”) + -es → athrawes (“female teacher”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "gweinydd (“waiter”) + -es → gweinyddes (“waitress”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Norwy (“Norway”) + -es → Norwyes (“Norwegian woman”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cadno (“fox”) + -es → cadnawes (“vixen”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"female suffix"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-wraig"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-as/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh feminine suffixes",
"Welsh inflectional suffixes",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh noun-forming suffixes",
"Welsh suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "collective"
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"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
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],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
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"expansion": "-es f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "brân (“crow”) + -es → branes (“flight of crows”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "llong (“ship”) + -es → llynges (“navy, fleet”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"collective noun"
],
"tags": [
"collective",
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"noun"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-as/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 22 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh inflectional suffixes",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ais",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Welsh colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite"
],
"links": [
[
"first-person",
"first person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular preterite"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛʃ/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-as/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛs/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -es meaning in Welsh (4.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Welsh dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (8336b26 and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.