See be in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "been"
},
"expansion": "Middle English been",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wesan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wesan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wesaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "English be",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English been, from Old English bēon. The various forms have different further etymologies:\n* The b- forms derive from Proto-Germanic *beuną.\n* All other forms derive from Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną\nCognates include English be.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tae be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bein",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "am",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "art",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "are",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "amna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "artna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "isna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "arena",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tae be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bein",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "im",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "em",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "um",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "er",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "er",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "irni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "isni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "irni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "isni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wuz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "verb",
"head": "be"
},
"expansion": "be",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to be"
],
"id": "en-be-sco-verb-CvEgfuq9",
"links": [
[
"be",
"#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bi(ː)]"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪ]"
}
],
"word": "be"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "conjunction"
},
"expansion": "be",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "by"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of by"
],
"id": "en-be-sco-conj-KqW738ud",
"links": [
[
"by",
"by#Scots"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bə]"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪ]"
}
],
"word": "be"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 53 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots conjunctions",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots irregular verbs",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots suppletive verbs",
"Scots terms derived from Middle English",
"Scots terms derived from Old English",
"Scots terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Scots terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Scots terms inherited from Middle English",
"Scots terms inherited from Old English",
"Scots terms with redundant head parameter",
"Scots verbs"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "been"
},
"expansion": "Middle English been",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wesan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wesan",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wesaną",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "English be",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English been, from Old English bēon. The various forms have different further etymologies:\n* The b- forms derive from Proto-Germanic *beuną.\n* All other forms derive from Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną\nCognates include English be.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tae be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bein",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "am",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "art",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "are",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "amna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "artna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "isna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "arena",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wis",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tae be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bein",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "im",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "em",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "um",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "er",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "er",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "es",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"emphatic",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "irni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "isni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "irni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "isni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"negative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wuz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wur",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "verb",
"head": "be"
},
"expansion": "be",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to be"
],
"links": [
[
"be",
"#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bi(ː)]"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪ]"
}
],
"word": "be"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 53 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots conjunctions",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "conjunction"
},
"expansion": "be",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "by"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of by"
],
"links": [
[
"by",
"by#Scots"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[bə]"
},
{
"ipa": "[bɪ]"
}
],
"word": "be"
}
Download raw JSONL data for be meaning in Scots (6.8kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": "started on line 142, detected on line 142"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2447",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT Scots is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS; cleaned text: is",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'A'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'thoo'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: be/Scots 'we' base_tags={'third-person', 'archaic', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'plural', 'singular'}",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'ye'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: be/Scots 'they' base_tags={'third-person', 'archaic', 'error-unrecognized-form', 'plural', 'singular'}",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2447",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT Scots is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS; cleaned text: is",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2447",
"msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT Scots is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS; cleaned text: is",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'A'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'ee'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'hei/shi/it'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'oo'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'yow yins'",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: be/Scots 'they' base_tags={'error-unrecognized-form', 'plural'}",
"path": [
"be"
],
"section": "Scots",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "be",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Scots dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (32c88e6 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.