See krōkōn in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*crōcian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: *crōcian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: *crōcian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "crokien",
"3": "croken",
"4": "crooken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: crokien, croken, crooken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: crokien, croken, crooken"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crook"
},
"expansion": "English: crook",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: crook"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cruik",
"3": "creuk",
"4": "cruk"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cruik, creuk, cruk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cruik, creuk, cruk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "krōkōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: krōkōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: krōkōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "krôken",
"3": "krâken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: krôken, krâken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: krôken, krâken"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kröken"
},
"expansion": "Low German: kröken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: kröken"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*krōkon",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Dutch: *krōkon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Dutch: *krōkon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "crôken",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Middle Dutch: crôken",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "The expected vowel is -oe-, therefore possibly borrowed from Middle Low German"
},
"expansion": "(The expected vowel is -oe-, therefore possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Middle Dutch: crôken (The expected vowel is -oe-, therefore possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kroken",
"3": "kreuken",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Dutch: kroken, kreuken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Dutch: kroken, kreuken"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kruohhōn",
"3": "kruochōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: kruohhōn, kruochōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: kruohhōn, kruochōn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*krōk",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative"
},
"expansion": "*krōk + *-ōn",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*kreukan",
"t": "to twist, creep"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kreukan (“to twist, creep”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *krōk + *-ōn. Compare Proto-West Germanic *kreukan (“to twist, creep”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*krōkōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krōkōn"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krōkōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to bend, curve, or make crooked"
],
"id": "en-krōkōn-gmw-pro-verb-DwXyErnj",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"crooked",
"crooked"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 81",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 92",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to wrinkle"
],
"id": "en-krōkōn-gmw-pro-verb-fuf7CgST",
"links": [
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "krōkōn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ōn (denominative)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*crōcian"
},
"expansion": "Old English: *crōcian",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: *crōcian"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "crokien",
"3": "croken",
"4": "crooken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: crokien, croken, crooken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: crokien, croken, crooken"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crook"
},
"expansion": "English: crook",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: crook"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cruik",
"3": "creuk",
"4": "cruk"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cruik, creuk, cruk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cruik, creuk, cruk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "krōkōn"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: krōkōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: krōkōn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "krôken",
"3": "krâken"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: krôken, krâken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: krôken, krâken"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kröken"
},
"expansion": "Low German: kröken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: kröken"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*krōkon",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Dutch: *krōkon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Dutch: *krōkon"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "crôken",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Middle Dutch: crôken",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "The expected vowel is -oe-, therefore possibly borrowed from Middle Low German"
},
"expansion": "(The expected vowel is -oe-, therefore possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Middle Dutch: crôken (The expected vowel is -oe-, therefore possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kroken",
"3": "kreuken",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Dutch: kroken, kreuken",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Dutch: kroken, kreuken"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kruohhōn",
"3": "kruochōn"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: kruohhōn, kruochōn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: kruohhōn, kruochōn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*krōk",
"3": "*-ōn",
"id2": "denominative"
},
"expansion": "*krōk + *-ōn",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*kreukan",
"t": "to twist, creep"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kreukan (“to twist, creep”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *krōk + *-ōn. Compare Proto-West Germanic *kreukan (“to twist, creep”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōdīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "krōkōd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*krōkōn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krōkōn"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk2"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krōkōn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to bend, curve, or make crooked"
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"crooked",
"crooked"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to wrinkle"
],
"links": [
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "krōkōn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for krōkōn meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (9e2b7d3 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.