See keuwan in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċēowan"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ċēowan\nMiddle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)\nEnglish: chew\n→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae\nScots: chow, chaw",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ċēowan\nMiddle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)\nEnglish: chew\n→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae\nScots: chow, chaw"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*kiāwa",
"3": "*kiāwja"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kôgje",
"3": "kôchje",
"4": "koaie"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "kauje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: kauje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: kauje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "kiuwan",
"3": "kiwan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "keuwen",
"3": "kuwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "käwwen"
},
"expansion": "Low German: käwwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: käwwen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*kiuwan"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan\nMiddle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan\nMiddle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kiuwan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: kiuwan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: kiuwan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kiuwen",
"3": "kūwen",
"4": "kewen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "chüüwe"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German: chüüwe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Alemannic German: chüüwe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "kuin"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian: kuin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bavarian: kuin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "khòjan"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian: khòjan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cimbrian: khòjan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kauen"
},
"expansion": "German: kauen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: kauen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrx",
"2": "kaue"
},
"expansion": "Hunsrik: kaue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hunsrik: kaue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdc",
"2": "kaue"
},
"expansion": "Pennsylvania German: kaue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pennsylvania German: kaue"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kewwaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kewwaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *kewwaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwannjas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwannjē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwannju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kauw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwiʀi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwidi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kauw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwand",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwandī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kowan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*keuwan",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-st"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/keuwan",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gakauw"
},
{
"word": "kiuwijan"
},
{
"english": "that which is chewed, food",
"sense": "*gakow n",
"tags": [
"Old-English"
],
"word": "ġecow"
},
{
"sense": "Old English: *ċīewan, *ċȳwan",
"word": "⇒ Old English: ċȳwung"
},
{
"sense": "Old English: *ċīewan, *ċȳwan",
"word": "ċīwung"
},
{
"sense": "Middle English: chawen",
"tags": [
"English"
],
"word": "chaw"
},
{
"sense": "Middle English: chawen; Scots",
"word": "chaw"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Low German: kowen, kouwen, kauwen, kauen",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "kauen"
},
{
"sense": "Dutch: kauwen",
"tags": [
"Afrikaans"
],
"word": "kou"
},
{
"sense": "Old High German: *kouwōn; Middle High German",
"word": "kouwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to chew"
],
"id": "en-keuwan-gmw-pro-verb-omctL7eg",
"links": [
[
"chew",
"chew"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "keuwan"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "gakauw"
},
{
"english": "that which is chewed, food",
"sense": "*gakow n",
"tags": [
"Old-English"
],
"word": "ġecow"
},
{
"sense": "Old English: *ċīewan, *ċȳwan",
"word": "⇒ Old English: ċȳwung"
},
{
"sense": "Old English: *ċīewan, *ċȳwan",
"word": "ċīwung"
},
{
"sense": "Middle English: chawen",
"tags": [
"English"
],
"word": "chaw"
},
{
"sense": "Middle English: chawen; Scots",
"word": "chaw"
},
{
"sense": "Middle Low German: kowen, kouwen, kauwen, kauen",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "kauen"
},
{
"sense": "Dutch: kauwen",
"tags": [
"Afrikaans"
],
"word": "kou"
},
{
"sense": "Old High German: *kouwōn; Middle High German",
"word": "kouwen"
},
{
"word": "kiuwijan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ċēowan"
},
"expansion": "Old English: ċēowan\nMiddle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)\nEnglish: chew\n→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae\nScots: chow, chaw",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: ċēowan\nMiddle English: chewen, chewe, chyewe, cheowen, chiewe, chiewen, chiwen, chowen, chuen, chawen, chewwenn (Ormulum)\nEnglish: chew\n→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae\nScots: chow, chaw"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*kiāwa",
"3": "*kiāwja"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kôgje",
"3": "kôchje",
"4": "koaie"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: kôgje, kôchje, koaie"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "kauje"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: kauje",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: kauje"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "kiuwan",
"3": "kiwan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "keuwen",
"3": "kuwen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: keuwen, kuwen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "käwwen"
},
"expansion": "Low German: käwwen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: käwwen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*kiuwan"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan\nMiddle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *kiuwan, *kūwan\nMiddle Dutch: kewen, ceuwen, cuwen"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kiuwan"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: kiuwan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: kiuwan"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kiuwen",
"3": "kūwen",
"4": "kewen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "chüüwe"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German: chüüwe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Alemannic German: chüüwe"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "kuin"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian: kuin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bavarian: kuin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "khòjan"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian: khòjan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cimbrian: khòjan"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kauen"
},
"expansion": "German: kauen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: kauen"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrx",
"2": "kaue"
},
"expansion": "Hunsrik: kaue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hunsrik: kaue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdc",
"2": "kaue"
},
"expansion": "Pennsylvania German: kaue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Pennsylvania German: kaue"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kewwaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kewwaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *kewwaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwannjas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwannjē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwannju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kauw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwiʀi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwidi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kauw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwand",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kuwīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kiuwid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "keuwandī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kowan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*keuwan",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-st"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/keuwan",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 2 strong verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs",
"gmw-pro:Eating"
],
"glosses": [
"to chew"
],
"links": [
[
"chew",
"chew"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "keuwan"
}
Download raw JSONL data for keuwan meaning in Proto-West Germanic (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.