See helm in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for helm meaning in Proto-West Germanic (10.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old English: helm\nMiddle English: helm\nEnglish: helm",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: helm\nMiddle English: helm\nEnglish: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Hälm"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Hälm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Hälm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Helm"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: helm\nMiddle High German: helm\nGerman: Helm\nPolish: hełm\nLuxembourgish: Helm",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: helm\nMiddle High German: helm\nGerman: Helm\nPolish: hełm\nLuxembourgish: Helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "helmus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: helmus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "8th century, Reichenau Glossary"
},
"expansion": "[8th century, Reichenau Glossary]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: helmus [8th century, Reichenau Glossary] (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*šelmъ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*helmaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *helmaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *helmaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*helm m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/helm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"derived": [
{
"word": "helmōn"
},
{
"word": "hilmijan"
}
],
"glosses": [
"helmet"
],
"id": "en-helm-gmw-pro-noun-EVWEhgzV",
"links": [
[
"helmet",
"helmet"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "helm"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*helm"
},
"expansion": "Old English: *helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: *helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "helm",
"id": "stalk",
"t": "stalk, haulm; bentgrass"
},
"expansion": "English: helm (“stalk, haulm; bentgrass”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: helm (“stalk, haulm; bentgrass”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "*helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: *helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: *helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "helm",
"t": "sedge; marram grass"
},
"expansion": "Low German: helm (“sedge; marram grass”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: helm (“sedge; marram grass”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "hjælme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: hjælme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: hjælme"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hjálmur",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Icelandic: hjálmur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Icelandic: hjálmur"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*helmaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *helmaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*halmaz",
"3": "",
"4": "haulm, straw, hay; stalk"
},
"expansion": "*halmaz (“haulm, straw, hay; stalk”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*halm"
},
"expansion": "*halm",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós"
},
"expansion": "*ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kélmas",
"3": "",
"4": "tree trunk"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*halmaz"
},
"expansion": "*halmaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "culmus"
},
"expansion": "Latin culmus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*sòlma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sòlma",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "sal̃ms"
},
"expansion": "Latvian sal̃ms",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ḱolh₂-m-"
},
"expansion": "*ḱolh₂-m-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-mos",
"3": "*-(ó)-mos"
},
"expansion": "*-(ó)-mos",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ḱelh₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to prick, stab; straw, reed"
},
"expansion": "*ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab; straw, reed”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *helmaz, related to *halmaz (“haulm, straw, hay; stalk”) (whence *halm). The ablaut points to an older athematic paradigm in Proto-Indo-European, according to Kroonen probably *ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós; compare Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”). The o-grade in *halmaz and cognates such as Latin culmus, Proto-Slavic *sòlma and Latvian sal̃ms may have come either from an accusative stem *ḱolh₂-m- or by analogy with the thematic suffix *-(ó)-mos. In any case ultimately from the root *ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab; straw, reed”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*helm m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/helm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "halm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "? *helmō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "rudder, tiller; helm (of a boat)",
"word": "halmō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 52 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a reedy grass that dries as hollow stalks: bentgrass (genus Agrostis or Ammophila); sedge"
],
"id": "en-helm-gmw-pro-noun-7FlwlLsO",
"links": [
[
"reedy",
"reedy"
],
[
"grass",
"grass"
],
[
"bentgrass",
"bentgrass"
],
[
"Agrostis",
"Agrostis#Translingual"
],
[
"Ammophila",
"Ammophila#Translingual"
],
[
"sedge",
"sedge"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 52 46",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Synonym of *halm (“stalk, haulm, straw”)"
],
"id": "en-helm-gmw-pro-noun-vU-hhWvA",
"links": [
[
"*halm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/halm"
],
[
"stalk",
"stalk"
],
[
"haulm",
"haulm"
],
[
"straw",
"straw"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "stalk, haulm, straw",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "halm"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "helm"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "helmōn"
},
{
"word": "hilmijan"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old English: helm\nMiddle English: helm\nEnglish: helm",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: helm\nMiddle English: helm\nEnglish: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Hälm"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Hälm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Hälm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Helm"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: helm\nMiddle High German: helm\nGerman: Helm\nPolish: hełm\nLuxembourgish: Helm",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: helm\nMiddle High German: helm\nGerman: Helm\nPolish: hełm\nLuxembourgish: Helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "helmus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Latin: helmus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "8th century, Reichenau Glossary"
},
"expansion": "[8th century, Reichenau Glossary]",
"name": "defdate"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Latin: helmus [8th century, Reichenau Glossary] (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*šelmъ",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*helmaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *helmaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *helmaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*helm m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/helm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Armor"
],
"glosses": [
"helmet"
],
"links": [
[
"helmet",
"helmet"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "helm"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*helm"
},
"expansion": "Old English: *helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: *helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "helm",
"id": "stalk",
"t": "stalk, haulm; bentgrass"
},
"expansion": "English: helm (“stalk, haulm; bentgrass”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: helm (“stalk, haulm; bentgrass”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*helm"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *helm"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "*helm"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: *helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: *helm"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "helm"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: helm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: helm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "helm",
"t": "sedge; marram grass"
},
"expansion": "Low German: helm (“sedge; marram grass”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: helm (“sedge; marram grass”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "hjælme",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: hjælme",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: hjælme"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hjálmur",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Icelandic: hjálmur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Icelandic: hjálmur"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*helmaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *helmaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*halmaz",
"3": "",
"4": "haulm, straw, hay; stalk"
},
"expansion": "*halmaz (“haulm, straw, hay; stalk”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*halm"
},
"expansion": "*halm",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós"
},
"expansion": "*ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kélmas",
"3": "",
"4": "tree trunk"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*halmaz"
},
"expansion": "*halmaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "culmus"
},
"expansion": "Latin culmus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*sòlma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *sòlma",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "sal̃ms"
},
"expansion": "Latvian sal̃ms",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ḱolh₂-m-"
},
"expansion": "*ḱolh₂-m-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-mos",
"3": "*-(ó)-mos"
},
"expansion": "*-(ó)-mos",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*ḱelh₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to prick, stab; straw, reed"
},
"expansion": "*ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab; straw, reed”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *helmaz, related to *halmaz (“haulm, straw, hay; stalk”) (whence *halm). The ablaut points to an older athematic paradigm in Proto-Indo-European, according to Kroonen probably *ḱélh₂m̥ ~ *ḱl̥h₂mós; compare Lithuanian kélmas (“tree trunk”). The o-grade in *halmaz and cognates such as Latin culmus, Proto-Slavic *sòlma and Latvian sal̃ms may have come either from an accusative stem *ḱolh₂-m- or by analogy with the thematic suffix *-(ó)-mos. In any case ultimately from the root *ḱelh₂- (“to prick, stab; straw, reed”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "helmu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "helmum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*helm m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/helm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "halm"
},
{
"word": "? *helmō"
},
{
"english": "rudder, tiller; helm (of a boat)",
"word": "halmō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gmw-pro:Grasses",
"gmw-pro:Sedges"
],
"glosses": [
"a reedy grass that dries as hollow stalks: bentgrass (genus Agrostis or Ammophila); sedge"
],
"links": [
[
"reedy",
"reedy"
],
[
"grass",
"grass"
],
[
"bentgrass",
"bentgrass"
],
[
"Agrostis",
"Agrostis#Translingual"
],
[
"Ammophila",
"Ammophila#Translingual"
],
[
"sedge",
"sedge"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Synonym of *halm (“stalk, haulm, straw”)"
],
"links": [
[
"*halm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/halm"
],
[
"stalk",
"stalk"
],
[
"haulm",
"haulm"
],
[
"straw",
"straw"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"extra": "stalk, haulm, straw",
"tags": [
"synonym",
"synonym-of"
],
"word": "halm"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "helm"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.