"-ist" meaning in Proto-West Germanic

See -ist in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

Etymology: From Proto-Germanic *-istaz. Etymology templates: {{inh|gmw-pro|gem-pro|*-istaz}} Proto-Germanic *-istaz Head templates: {{head|gmw-pro|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes}} *-ist Inflection templates: {{gmw-infl-adj}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], -ist [masculine, nominative, singular], -istu [feminine, nominative, singular], -ist [neuter, nominative, singular], -istanā [accusative, masculine, singular], -istā [accusative, feminine, singular], -ist [accusative, neuter, singular], -istas [genitive, masculine, singular], -isteʀā [feminine, genitive, singular], -istas [genitive, neuter, singular], -istumē [dative, masculine, singular], -isteʀē [dative, feminine, singular], -istumē [dative, neuter, singular], -istu [instrumental, masculine, singular], -isteʀu [feminine, instrumental, singular], -istu [instrumental, neuter, singular], -istē [masculine, nominative, plural], -istō [feminine, nominative, plural], -istu [neuter, nominative, plural], -istā [accusative, masculine, plural], -istā [accusative, feminine, plural], -istu [accusative, neuter, plural], -isteʀō [genitive, masculine, plural], -isteʀō [feminine, genitive, plural], -isteʀō [genitive, neuter, plural], -istēm [dative, masculine, plural], -istum [dative, masculine, plural], -istēm [dative, feminine, plural], -istum [dative, feminine, plural], -istēm [dative, neuter, plural], -istum [dative, neuter, plural], -istēm [instrumental, masculine, plural], -istum [instrumental, masculine, plural], -istēm [feminine, instrumental, plural], -istum [feminine, instrumental, plural], -istēm [instrumental, neuter, plural], -istum [instrumental, neuter, plural]
  1. -est. Forms superlative adjectives. Tags: morpheme, reconstruction
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "English: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Frisian: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Frisian: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "stq",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Saterland Frisian: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fy",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "West Frisian: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Frisian: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "-ist"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Saxon: -ist",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Saxon: -ist"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gml",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Low German: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Low German: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nds-de",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "German Low German: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German Low German: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "-ist"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: -ist",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: -ist"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: -st\nDutch: -st",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: -st\nDutch: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "-ist"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: -ist",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: -ist"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "German: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German: -st"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-istaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-istaz.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-adj",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ist",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ist",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istanā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ist",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istumē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istumē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ist",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ist",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using catfix",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "-est. Forms superlative adjectives."
      ],
      "id": "en--ist-gmw-pro-suffix-BXkiqGMt",
      "links": [
        [
          "-est",
          "-est"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ist"
}
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "English: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Frisian: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Frisian: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "stq",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Saterland Frisian: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fy",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "West Frisian: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Frisian: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "osx",
            "2": "-ist"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Saxon: -ist",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Saxon: -ist"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gml",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Low German: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Low German: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nds-de",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "German Low German: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German Low German: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "-ist"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: -ist",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: -ist"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: -st\nDutch: -st",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: -st\nDutch: -st"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "-ist"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: -ist",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: -ist"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "-est"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: -est",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: -est"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "-st"
          },
          "expansion": "German: -st",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German: -st"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-istaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-istaz.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gmw-infl-adj",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ist",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ist",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istanā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ist",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istumē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istumē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istā",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-isteʀō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istēm",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-istum",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "neuter",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmw-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ist",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gmw-infl-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gmw-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ist",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages using catfix",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-West Germanic a-stem adjectives",
        "Proto-West Germanic adjective-forming suffixes",
        "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "-est. Forms superlative adjectives."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-est",
          "-est"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ist"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -ist meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.6kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.