See toprak in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toxurag",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "товрог",
"3": "ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "тӑпра"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Common Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Arghu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "klj",
"2": "turpâq"
},
"expansion": "Khalaj: turpâq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khalaj: turpâq"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"2": "طپراق",
"tr": "ṭopraq"
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراخ (ṭopraḫ), طوپراغ (ṭopraġ), طپوراق (ṭopuraq), طپرق (ṭopraq)\nAzerbaijani: torpaq\nGagauz: toprak\nOttoman Turkish: طوپراق (topraq), طپراق (toprak)\nTurkish: toprak, (dialectal) topurak",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراخ (ṭopraḫ), طوپراغ (ṭopraġ), طپوراق (ṭopuraq), طپرق (ṭopraq)\nAzerbaijani: torpaq\nGagauz: toprak\nOttoman Turkish: طوپراق (topraq), طپراق (toprak)\nTurkish: toprak, (dialectal) topurak"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "slr",
"2": "tōraq"
},
"expansion": "Salar: tōraq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Salar: tōraq"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "toprak"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: toprak",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkmen: toprak"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "تُبْراقْ",
"tr": "toprāq"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "tuproq"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: tuproq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uzbek: tuproq"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "تۇپراق"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "тупраҡ"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "туфрак"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "topraq"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: topraq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: topraq"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "топуракъ"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "топракъ"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kdr",
"2": "топракъ",
"3": "топрах"
},
"expansion": "Karaim: топракъ, топрах",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karaim: топракъ, топрах"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Caspian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "topi’raq"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: topi’raq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakalpak: topi’raq"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "топырақ"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "топырак"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: топырак (topırak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nogai: топырак (topırak)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "топурак"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "тобрак"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oui",
"2": "𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲",
"ts": "tupraq"
},
"expansion": "Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (twprʾq /tupraq/), 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲𐾄 (twprʾq̈ /tupraḳ, tupraġ/), 𐾀𐽳𐽾𐽼𐽰𐽲 (twrpʾq /turpaḳ/), 𐽻𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (swprʾq /supraḳ/) (misspelling)\nWestern Yugur: durvaq",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (twprʾq /tupraq/), 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲𐾄 (twprʾq̈ /tupraḳ, tupraġ/), 𐾀𐽳𐽾𐽼𐽰𐽲 (twrpʾq /turpaḳ/), 𐽻𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (swprʾq /supraḳ/) (misspelling)\nWestern Yugur: durvaq"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "тобурах",
"t": "hail; dust"
},
"expansion": "Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sayan Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tyv",
"2": "довурак"
},
"expansion": "Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kim",
"2": "тоъпраӄ"
},
"expansion": "Tofa: тоъпраӄ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tofa: тоъпраӄ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yenisei Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kjh",
"2": "тобырах"
},
"expansion": "Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cjs",
"2": "тобрақ"
},
"expansion": "Shor: тобрақ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Shor: тобрақ"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topra-",
"3": "*towra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *towra-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-k"
},
"expansion": "+ *-k",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "tog"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "topon"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*tow",
"3": "*-uŕ",
"4": "*-a-",
"5": "*-k",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topur",
"t": "soil, earth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ak"
},
"expansion": "+ *-ak",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz",
"t": "dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toxurag"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *toxurag",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "تُبُرْغانْ",
"tr": "topurğan"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).\nNişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.\nLigeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.\nDoerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.\nNişanyan also compares with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toprak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*toprak",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"soil"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-6T1ZoCFj",
"links": [
[
"soil",
"soil"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"land"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-kOrmNIfK",
"links": [
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"country, land"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-eo~xhRN5",
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 19 19 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 4 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-ak",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 4 4 88",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-k",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"arable land"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-AapILcuY",
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "toprak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-ak",
"Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-k",
"Requests for native script for Karakhanid terms",
"Requests for native script for Kyrgyz terms",
"trk-pro:Landforms"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toxurag",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Mongolic: *toxurag"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "товрог",
"3": "ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mongolian: товрог (tovrog), ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ (tobrag)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "тӑпра"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Common Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Arghu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "klj",
"2": "turpâq"
},
"expansion": "Khalaj: turpâq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khalaj: turpâq"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"2": "طپراق",
"tr": "ṭopraq"
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراخ (ṭopraḫ), طوپراغ (ṭopraġ), طپوراق (ṭopuraq), طپرق (ṭopraq)\nAzerbaijani: torpaq\nGagauz: toprak\nOttoman Turkish: طوپراق (topraq), طپراق (toprak)\nTurkish: toprak, (dialectal) topurak",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish: طپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراق (ṭopraq), طوپراخ (ṭopraḫ), طوپراغ (ṭopraġ), طپوراق (ṭopuraq), طپرق (ṭopraq)\nAzerbaijani: torpaq\nGagauz: toprak\nOttoman Turkish: طوپراق (topraq), طپراق (toprak)\nTurkish: toprak, (dialectal) topurak"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "slr",
"2": "tōraq"
},
"expansion": "Salar: tōraq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Salar: tōraq"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "toprak"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: toprak",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkmen: toprak"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "تُبْراقْ",
"tr": "toprāq"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakhanid: تُبْراقْ (toprāq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "tuproq"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: tuproq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uzbek: tuproq"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "تۇپراق"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uyghur: تۇپراق (tupraq)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "тупраҡ"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "туфрак"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "topraq"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: topraq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: topraq"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "топуракъ"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kumyk: топуракъ (topuraq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "топракъ"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kdr",
"2": "топракъ",
"3": "топрах"
},
"expansion": "Karaim: топракъ, топрах",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karaim: топракъ, топрах"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Caspian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "topi’raq"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: topi’raq",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakalpak: topi’raq"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "топырақ"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kazakh: топырақ (topyraq)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "топырак"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: топырак (topırak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nogai: топырак (topırak)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "топурак"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kyrgyz: топурак (topurak)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "тобрак"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oui",
"2": "𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲",
"ts": "tupraq"
},
"expansion": "Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (twprʾq /tupraq/), 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲𐾄 (twprʾq̈ /tupraḳ, tupraġ/), 𐾀𐽳𐽾𐽼𐽰𐽲 (twrpʾq /turpaḳ/), 𐽻𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (swprʾq /supraḳ/) (misspelling)\nWestern Yugur: durvaq",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Uyghur: 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (twprʾq /tupraq/), 𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲𐾄 (twprʾq̈ /tupraḳ, tupraġ/), 𐾀𐽳𐽾𐽼𐽰𐽲 (twrpʾq /turpaḳ/), 𐽻𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲 (swprʾq /supraḳ/) (misspelling)\nWestern Yugur: durvaq"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sah",
"2": "тобурах",
"t": "hail; dust"
},
"expansion": "Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yakut: тобурах (toburaq, “hail; dust”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Siberian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sayan Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tyv",
"2": "довурак"
},
"expansion": "Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kim",
"2": "тоъпраӄ"
},
"expansion": "Tofa: тоъпраӄ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tofa: тоъпраӄ"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yenisei Turkic:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kjh",
"2": "тобырах"
},
"expansion": "Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cjs",
"2": "тобрақ"
},
"expansion": "Shor: тобрақ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Shor: тобрақ"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topra-",
"3": "*towra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *towra-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-k"
},
"expansion": "+ *-k",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "tog"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "topon"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*tow",
"3": "*-uŕ",
"4": "*-a-",
"5": "*-k",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topur",
"t": "soil, earth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ak"
},
"expansion": "+ *-ak",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz",
"t": "dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toxurag"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *toxurag",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "تُبُرْغانْ",
"tr": "topurğan"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).\nNişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.\nLigeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.\nDoerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.\nNişanyan also compares with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toprak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*toprak",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"soil"
],
"links": [
[
"soil",
"soil"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"land"
],
"links": [
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"country, land"
],
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"arable land"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "toprak"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toprak meaning in Proto-Turkic (11.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (aeaf2a1 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.