See toprak in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tovrog",
"word": "товрог"
},
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tobrag",
"word": "ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*toxurag"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "tăpra",
"word": "тӑпра"
}
],
"lang": "Oghur",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Common Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "turpâq"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopraq",
"word": "طپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopraḫ",
"word": "طوپراخ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopraġ",
"word": "طوپراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopuraq",
"word": "طپوراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopraq",
"word": "طپرق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "dopraq",
"word": "دپرق"
},
{
"lang": "Salar",
"lang_code": "slr",
"word": "tōraq"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "toprak"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofraq, toṗraq",
"word": "توفراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofrağ, toṗrağ",
"word": "توفراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofraq, toṗraq",
"word": "توپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "تپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "toprağ",
"word": "توپراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofrağ, toṗrağ",
"word": "تفراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofraq, toṗraq",
"word": "تفراق"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "toprāq",
"word": "تُبْراقْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bashkir",
"lang_code": "ba",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "тупраҡ"
},
{
"lang": "Tatar",
"lang_code": "tt",
"roman": "tufraq",
"word": "туфрак"
}
],
"lang": "North Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"word": "topraq"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "topuraq",
"word": "топуракъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "топракъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "топракъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "топрах"
}
],
"lang": "West Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "topi’raq"
},
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "topyraq",
"word": "топырақ"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"roman": "topırak",
"word": "топырак"
}
],
"lang": "Caspian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "topurak",
"word": "топурак"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "tobrak",
"word": "тобрак"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "durvaq"
}
],
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"roman": "twprʾq",
"word": "𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Yakut",
"lang_code": "sah",
"roman": "toburaq",
"sense": "hail; dust",
"word": "тобурах"
}
],
"lang": "North Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "dovurak",
"word": "довурак"
},
{
"lang": "Tofa",
"lang_code": "kim",
"word": "тоъпраӄ"
}
],
"lang": "Sayan Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khakas",
"lang_code": "kjh",
"roman": "tobırax",
"word": "тобырах"
},
{
"lang": "Shor",
"lang_code": "cjs",
"word": "тобрақ"
}
],
"lang": "Yenisei Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topra-",
"3": "*towra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *towra-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-k"
},
"expansion": "+ *-k",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "tog"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "topon"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*tow",
"3": "*-uŕ",
"4": "*-a-",
"5": "*-k",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topur",
"t": "soil, earth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ak"
},
"expansion": "+ *-ak",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz",
"t": "dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toxurag"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *toxurag",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "تُبُرْغانْ",
"tr": "topurğan"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).\nNişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.\nLigeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.\nDoerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.\nLinguists also compare with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toprak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*toprak",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "62 13 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 6 6 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 4 4 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-ak",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 4 4 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-k",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"soil"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-6T1ZoCFj",
"links": [
[
"soil",
"soil"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"land"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-kOrmNIfK",
"links": [
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"country, land"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-eo~xhRN5",
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"arable land"
],
"id": "en-toprak-trk-pro-noun-AapILcuY",
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "toprak"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-ak",
"Proto-Turkic terms suffixed with *-k",
"Requests for native script for Karakhanid terms",
"Requests for native script for Kyrgyz terms",
"trk-pro:Landforms"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tovrog",
"word": "товрог"
},
{
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"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "tobrag",
"word": "ᠲᠣᠪᠷᠠᠭ"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "*toxurag"
},
{
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{
"lang": "Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "tăpra",
"word": "тӑпра"
}
],
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"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Common Turkic",
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},
{
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{
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"word": "turpâq"
}
],
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},
{
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{
"descendants": [
{
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},
{
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"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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],
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{
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"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
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},
{
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{
"lang": "Turkish",
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{
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"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
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"word": "طپراق"
}
],
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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{
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}
],
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},
{
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{
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{
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"word": "طپراق"
}
],
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"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
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{
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{
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},
{
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}
],
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
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{
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}
],
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}
],
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{
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{
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{
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"word": "toprak"
},
{
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{
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}
],
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{
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{
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],
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},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
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"word": "طپراق"
}
],
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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"word": "toprak"
},
{
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{
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],
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},
{
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}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
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},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
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],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
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}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopuraq",
"word": "طپوراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
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"tags": [
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],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "ṭopraq",
"word": "طپرق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "torpaq"
},
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "طوپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "toprak"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "topurak"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "toprak",
"word": "طپراق"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat",
"roman": "dopraq",
"word": "دپرق"
},
{
"lang": "Salar",
"lang_code": "slr",
"word": "tōraq"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "toprak"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofraq, toṗraq",
"word": "توفراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
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"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofrağ, toṗrağ",
"word": "توفراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
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"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofraq, toṗraq",
"word": "توپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "تپراق"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "toprağ",
"word": "توپراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofrağ, toṗrağ",
"word": "تفراغ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "تۇپراق"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tuproq"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "tofraq, toṗraq",
"word": "تفراق"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "toprāq",
"word": "تُبْراقْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bashkir",
"lang_code": "ba",
"roman": "tupraq",
"word": "тупраҡ"
},
{
"lang": "Tatar",
"lang_code": "tt",
"roman": "tufraq",
"word": "туфрак"
}
],
"lang": "North Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"word": "topraq"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "topuraq",
"word": "топуракъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "topraq",
"word": "топракъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "топракъ"
},
{
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "топрах"
}
],
"lang": "West Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "topi’raq"
},
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "topyraq",
"word": "топырақ"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"roman": "topırak",
"word": "топырак"
}
],
"lang": "Caspian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "topurak",
"word": "топурак"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "tobrak",
"word": "тобрак"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "durvaq"
}
],
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"roman": "twprʾq",
"word": "𐾀𐽳𐽼𐽾𐽰𐽲"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Yakut",
"lang_code": "sah",
"roman": "toburaq",
"sense": "hail; dust",
"word": "тобурах"
}
],
"lang": "North Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "dovurak",
"word": "довурак"
},
{
"lang": "Tofa",
"lang_code": "kim",
"word": "тоъпраӄ"
}
],
"lang": "Sayan Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khakas",
"lang_code": "kjh",
"roman": "tobırax",
"word": "тобырах"
},
{
"lang": "Shor",
"lang_code": "cjs",
"word": "тобрақ"
}
],
"lang": "Yenisei Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Siberian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topra-",
"3": "*towra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *towra-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-k"
},
"expansion": "+ *-k",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "tog"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"t": "dust",
"tr": "topon"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*tow",
"3": "*-uŕ",
"4": "*-a-",
"5": "*-k",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*topur",
"t": "soil, earth"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*-ak"
},
"expansion": "+ *-ak",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz",
"t": "dust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toxurag"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *toxurag",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-cmn-pro",
"2": "*tōz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *tōz",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "تُبُرْغانْ",
"tr": "topurğan"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid [script needed] (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz [script needed] (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).\nNişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.\nLigeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.\nDoerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.\nLinguists also compare with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "toprak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraknïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toprakča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topraklïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*toprak",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"soil"
],
"links": [
[
"soil",
"soil"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"land"
],
"links": [
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"country, land"
],
"links": [
[
"country",
"country"
],
[
"land",
"land"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"arable land"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "toprak"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toprak meaning in Proto-Turkic (14.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.